"顺服使你走向神所为你按定的美好计划，不顺服倒使你失去."
"为神有极大的梦想， 但在过程中不愿学习交托及放下，这梦想永远只是个妄想。"（因为神拣选那些谦卑的人来成就他的计划。）
心得：
我身为一个男人， 我认为最难的事就是降服及交托。这或许是因为男人的自我(ego)。这两点是属神男人必要的配备。
Saturday, May 24, 2014
Excellence is not a skill. It is an attitude
Just came back from the Bible Conference. The theme was " A Excellence Church". Consist of 12 topics. The most inspiring topic to me is "The attitude of excellency". In this topic has 8 main points. I use these 8 points to evaluate myself. The following are the 8 main points of this topic and score is given based on self evaluation.
1. 对伟大之事的渴慕 (90%)
2. 评估我们所做之事的价值 (80%)
3. 委身 (90%)
4. 持久稳固 (50%)
5. 勇敢 (60%)
6. 乐观 (80%)
7. 要有创意 (75%)
8. 有牺牲精神 (70%)
The lowest is point number 4! Is ok! Coming week I will be going to HICC. The theme is "A Sustainable Church". Pray that this theme will able to help me to sustain. haha...
I wish my passion will be continue to burn my "spiritual fat". hahaha...nope, is actually burn my heart. Keep the momentum in this journey of dream. I believe revival! I believe miracle! I believe I am more than a conqueror! I believe I can win the 33 wars! Lord, please help me. I want to be a history maker！I want to a men after your own heart!
Wednesday, May 21, 2014
What Women Want in a Godly Man
“Men, let’s be real men.”
The ad proceeded to promote a new testosterone pill. If consumed, this pill promised to boost manliness—increased sex drive, muscles and masculinity.
The most frightening thing about this ad is that it speaks some truth—in the sense that our society has managed to reduce manhood to sex drive and muscles.
I don’t know about you, but that is so ridiculously far from my definition of masculinity. The truth is, women are looking for so much more in a man than strong muscles and libido. Far more than cars, athletic ability and all the other meaningless things our society uses to define manhood, there are some things that actually define the measure of a man.
So men, go ahead and ditch the weights, the hot rods and the testosterone pills, because if you’re really trying to catch a fine woman here’s what she’s looking for:
Honesty
More than any other trait, women are looking for a man who is open and honest. The thing about honesty is that it’s a sign of security. What you see is what you get, and there is absolutely nothing to hide.
Men, it’s time to stop pretending and start being real—real with your strengths, your weaknesses, your struggles. Real with your hopes, your dreams and your fears. Real with who you actually are; not who you want to be. A man who has nothing to hide becomes the safe place in which a woman can hide her heart. Now that’s straight-up manly.
Purity
We live in a society that has fooled us into thinking that women have no control over their emotions and men have no control over their eyes. I’m a firm believer that this is a lie straight from the pit of hell. It sickens me to interact with women who expect their men to fall prey to lust, cheating and adultery, as if that’s just part of being a man.
There is no doubt that we live in a world full of sexual temptation and struggles, but it is also true that we serve a God who gives us victory over our entire being—our minds, hearts and bodies. True masculinity comes when a man has enough honor and respect for the woman in his life to say no to temptations. True masculinity comes from a man who knows his weaknesses, but sets himself up to succeed. True masculinity is found in a man who says no to the expectations of this world and lives for a higher calling.
Strength
There is nothing better than a man who exudes strength. Not the muscle-rippling kind of strength, but strength of mind, heart and spirit. A strength that comes from a man who knows what he believes and stands firm for what’s right. A strength in recognizing right from wrong and confessing when he has given into the latter. A strength that is confident enough to do right, choose right and be right.
In this day of compromise, women are looking for a man who is strong enough to stand his ground and hold on to his values, his beliefs and, most importantly, his God.
Compassion
You can always recognize a real man by taking a look at his heart. Does his heart move for the things that move God’s heart? Is he broken by the pain in his life? Is he moved by the sins he’s working to overcome? Is he affected when things are not as they should be in life, in situations, in relationships?
A real man is one who allows his heart to be moved and then allows his actions to follow his heart. A man who strives for healing, restoration and resolution. A man who strives to right the wrongs around him—and the wrongs within him. Women are looking for men of compassion, tenderness and love because therein we will always find the heart of Jesus.
Humility
What raises a man up more than any other earthly thing is his ability to humble himself. A real man doesn’t need to talk up who he is, because his life does that for him. He can put away the talk, because a man of humility is focused so much more on his walk. He is quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry because he has put away his “rights” for the right to be selfless, loving and full of grace.
The greatest example of humility is found in the manliest man: Jesus. A man who laid down his rights and made Himself nothing in order to be an example of undying love and affection to the bride who won His heart. Real men seek to do the same.
This is exactly the kind of man who I allowed to win my heart. While I can safely say that he’s nowhere near perfect, he is a man who strives to uphold honesty, purity, strength, compassion and humility in his life and in our marriage.
Women, it’s time to expect more from men, and then, to wait patiently until you see these qualities at work in his life. Don’t you dare settle for less.
Men, it’s time to say no to the lies that are being poured into your brains. You are worth far more than that. Your masculinity is defined by so much more than you think—and that is what is truly attractive in our eyes.
May God continue to work in the lives of our men, that by His grace they would strive to carry the traits that reflect nothing less than the heart of Jesus.
Now that, my friends, is what I call a manly man.
"Women are looking for men of compassion, tenderness and love because therein we will always find the heart of Jesus."
Read more at http://www.relevantmagazine.com/life/relationships/what-women-want-godly-man#TPvtqWxYUKzbMuA5.99
放下.....说得容易，作起来没那么容易。
我渴望为上帝有个美好的成就。特别想看到在我的大学在五年后有1500位基督徒。我已做好准备面对前方各种未知的挑战。这路程才开始，挑战就来了。上帝让我看到我紧紧抓住的东西。而且有是我最爱的。上帝要我完全的放下，并交托给与他。这好难哦！原因很简单，就是因为怕失去他所以不肯放手。我身为一位基督徒，我知道需要放下，也很想放下，但是就是缺乏一股力量。今天做了决定，要放下了，因为我不想让这事影响我被上帝更大的使用。人生只有一次机会，我要好好及谨慎的面对每一个难关，及作正确的决定。我想相信我可以改变历史。单单为上帝而活！
上帝，把这一切交给你了。因为你比我还要在乎**。求你帮助我有对你有更多的热忱。使用我来改变历史。我在这里，请差遣我！
男人最难的就是放手，以为会失去一切。但在上帝里，放手不是失去一切，而是拥有一切，并且更好的。
上帝，把这一切交给你了。因为你比我还要在乎**。求你帮助我有对你有更多的热忱。使用我来改变历史。我在这里，请差遣我！
男人最难的就是放手，以为会失去一切。但在上帝里，放手不是失去一切，而是拥有一切，并且更好的。
Sunday, January 12, 2014
活着的理由
这世界，人们都为着自己的理想努力打拼。
却看不见,这一切却像紧握在手里的沙。
从手缝中流失，最终发现一无所有。
留在心底处的只有遗憾及绝望。
你认为，命运是掌握在自己的手中。
想想在患难中失去一切的人们，
难道这是他们所掌握的命运吗？
他们明白，原来这一切都不再自己的手中。
耶稣，求你怜悯我，求你触摸我！
好让我这一生，只单单为你而活！
不再三心两意，不再不冷不热！
心里只求，愿你的旨意成就！
耶稣，求你朔造我，练净我的心！
好让我这一生，单单高举你圣名！
好让我这一生，单单展现你荣耀！
因为这是我活着的理由。
By: Joshua Chieng
Saturday, January 11, 2014
5 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GODLY MAN, AND 44 VERSES TO HELP YOU BECOME ONE.
how-to-be-a-godly-man
One of the questions that men often ask is “How Do I Become a Godly Man?” A few years ago our senior pastor, Todd Wagner, gave a message entitled, “Act Like Men: Defining and Discussing God’s Calling for Men” where he outlined some key characteristics of a Godly man with Scriptures to go along with each. In addition, he posted a handout on his personal blog that can be downloaded, printed, and shared. We hope you these characteristics, and accompanying verses, help spur you on to be the kind of man God created you to be!
1. STEP UP: Lead. Initiate. Be a man of action. Assume it is your job and your moment. Hate apathy. Reject passivity. When David heard of it, he sent Joab and all the army, the mighty men…”Be strong, and let us show ourselves courageous for the sake of our people and for the cities of our God; and may the LORD do what is good in His sight.” -2 Samuel 10:7,12 “I searched for a man among them who would build up the wall and stand in the gap before Me for the land, so that I would not destroy it; but I found no one.” – Ezekiel 22:30 Other Scripture: Psalm 101, Proverbs 14:23, Proverbs 20:6, Jeremiah 5:1, Ezekiel 22:23-31, John 10:11-13, James 1:23-25
2. SPEAK OUT: Silence in the midst of sin is a sin. Be courageous. Fear God not man. Speak the truth in love. Better is open rebuke than love that is concealed. Faithful are the wounds of a friend, But deceitful are the kisses of an enemy. – Proverbs 27:5-6 Open your mouth for the mute, for the rights of all the unfortunate. Open your mouth, judge righteously, and defend the rights of the afflicted and needy. – Proverbs 31:8-9 But sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts, always being ready to make a defense to everyone who asks you to give an account for the hope that is in you, yet with gentleness and reverence. – 1 Peter 3:15 Other Scripture: Proverbs 14:25, Proverbs 15:1-2, Proverbs 24:11-12, Isaiah 8:11-13, Jeremiah 1:17, Romans 1:16
3. STAND STRONG: Don’t give in when you are challenged, attacked or criticized. “Now behold, I have made you today as a fortified city and as a pillar of iron and as walls of bronze against the whole land, to the kings of Judah, to its princes, to its priests and to the people of the land. They will fight against you, but they will not overcome you, for I am with you to deliver you,” declares the LORD. – Jeremiah 1:18-19 Therefore, my beloved brethren, be steadfast, immovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, knowing that your toil is not in vain in the Lord. – I Corinthians 15:58 Be of sober spirit, be on the alert. Your adversary, the devil, prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour. But resist him, firm in your faith, knowing that the same experiences of suffering are being accomplished by your brethren who are in the world. – 1 Peter 5:8-9 Other Scripture: 2 Chron. 16:9, Prov. 24:10, Isaiah 41:10, Jeremiah 12:5, 1 Corinthians 10:13, Galatians 1:10, Philippians 1:27-28
4. STAY HUMBLE: Be vigilant against pride. Get the log out of your eye. Don’t think less of yourself, think of yourself less. Let the righteous smite me in kindness and reprove me; It is oil upon the head; Do not let my head refuse it, for still my prayer is against their wicked deeds. – Psalm 141:5 You younger men, likewise, be subject to your elders; and all of you, clothe yourselves with humility toward one another, for GOD IS OPPOSED TO THE PROUD, BUT GIVES GRACE TO THE HUMBLE. Therefore humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God, that He may exalt you at the proper time, casting all your anxiety on Him, because He cares for you. – 1 Peter 5:5-7 Other Scripture: Proverbs 3:5-6, Proverbs 12:1, Isaiah 66:2, Micah 6:8, John 15:5, Philippians 2:3-5
5. SERVE THE KING: Seek first His Kingdom, His glory, His righteousness. Hope in the eternal. Live for a greater reward. “But seek first His kingdom and His righteousness, and all these things will be added to you.” – Matthew 6:33 ” For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life a ransom for many.” – Mark 10:45 Other Scripture: Joshua 24:14-15, Psalm 16:11, Psalm 84:10-12,2 Corinthians 5:10, Hebrews 6:10, 1 Peter 2:21-23
References: http://www.watermark.org/blog/how-to-be-a-godly-man/
One of the questions that men often ask is “How Do I Become a Godly Man?” A few years ago our senior pastor, Todd Wagner, gave a message entitled, “Act Like Men: Defining and Discussing God’s Calling for Men” where he outlined some key characteristics of a Godly man with Scriptures to go along with each. In addition, he posted a handout on his personal blog that can be downloaded, printed, and shared. We hope you these characteristics, and accompanying verses, help spur you on to be the kind of man God created you to be!
1. STEP UP: Lead. Initiate. Be a man of action. Assume it is your job and your moment. Hate apathy. Reject passivity. When David heard of it, he sent Joab and all the army, the mighty men…”Be strong, and let us show ourselves courageous for the sake of our people and for the cities of our God; and may the LORD do what is good in His sight.” -2 Samuel 10:7,12 “I searched for a man among them who would build up the wall and stand in the gap before Me for the land, so that I would not destroy it; but I found no one.” – Ezekiel 22:30 Other Scripture: Psalm 101, Proverbs 14:23, Proverbs 20:6, Jeremiah 5:1, Ezekiel 22:23-31, John 10:11-13, James 1:23-25
2. SPEAK OUT: Silence in the midst of sin is a sin. Be courageous. Fear God not man. Speak the truth in love. Better is open rebuke than love that is concealed. Faithful are the wounds of a friend, But deceitful are the kisses of an enemy. – Proverbs 27:5-6 Open your mouth for the mute, for the rights of all the unfortunate. Open your mouth, judge righteously, and defend the rights of the afflicted and needy. – Proverbs 31:8-9 But sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts, always being ready to make a defense to everyone who asks you to give an account for the hope that is in you, yet with gentleness and reverence. – 1 Peter 3:15 Other Scripture: Proverbs 14:25, Proverbs 15:1-2, Proverbs 24:11-12, Isaiah 8:11-13, Jeremiah 1:17, Romans 1:16
3. STAND STRONG: Don’t give in when you are challenged, attacked or criticized. “Now behold, I have made you today as a fortified city and as a pillar of iron and as walls of bronze against the whole land, to the kings of Judah, to its princes, to its priests and to the people of the land. They will fight against you, but they will not overcome you, for I am with you to deliver you,” declares the LORD. – Jeremiah 1:18-19 Therefore, my beloved brethren, be steadfast, immovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, knowing that your toil is not in vain in the Lord. – I Corinthians 15:58 Be of sober spirit, be on the alert. Your adversary, the devil, prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour. But resist him, firm in your faith, knowing that the same experiences of suffering are being accomplished by your brethren who are in the world. – 1 Peter 5:8-9 Other Scripture: 2 Chron. 16:9, Prov. 24:10, Isaiah 41:10, Jeremiah 12:5, 1 Corinthians 10:13, Galatians 1:10, Philippians 1:27-28
4. STAY HUMBLE: Be vigilant against pride. Get the log out of your eye. Don’t think less of yourself, think of yourself less. Let the righteous smite me in kindness and reprove me; It is oil upon the head; Do not let my head refuse it, for still my prayer is against their wicked deeds. – Psalm 141:5 You younger men, likewise, be subject to your elders; and all of you, clothe yourselves with humility toward one another, for GOD IS OPPOSED TO THE PROUD, BUT GIVES GRACE TO THE HUMBLE. Therefore humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God, that He may exalt you at the proper time, casting all your anxiety on Him, because He cares for you. – 1 Peter 5:5-7 Other Scripture: Proverbs 3:5-6, Proverbs 12:1, Isaiah 66:2, Micah 6:8, John 15:5, Philippians 2:3-5
5. SERVE THE KING: Seek first His Kingdom, His glory, His righteousness. Hope in the eternal. Live for a greater reward. “But seek first His kingdom and His righteousness, and all these things will be added to you.” – Matthew 6:33 ” For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life a ransom for many.” – Mark 10:45 Other Scripture: Joshua 24:14-15, Psalm 16:11, Psalm 84:10-12,2 Corinthians 5:10, Hebrews 6:10, 1 Peter 2:21-23
References: http://www.watermark.org/blog/how-to-be-a-godly-man/
“基督徒“男生 vs. 屬神的男生
“基督徒“男生可能會說他愛你,
屬神的男人會愛上帝超過妳.
“基督徒“男生可能會傳聖經經文的簡訊給你,或把經文刺在身上.
屬神的男人會活出聖經的話語,然後將他們寫在心版上.
“基督徒“男生會去教堂,
屬神的男人明白被造的意義是榮耀神.
“基督徒“男生可能不小心使妳妥協自己的道德標準.
屬神的男人盡全力保護妳所持守的.
“基督徒“男生可能極有吸引力
屬神的男人有一顆美麗的心
“基督徒“男生會帶妳四處玩耍,
屬神的男生將你放在禱告中.
**给与自己小小的提请。
Sunday, February 12, 2012
Nothing is impossible 凡事都有可能 Lyric and chords
Nothing is impossible
凡事都有可能
Key: C
|| F / / / | C / / / | Dm7 / / / | F / / / ||
Chorus:
C G
有祢我能成就一切
Through You I can do anything
AM
能成就一切
I can do all things
F
因祢賜我力量
'Cause it's You who gives me strength
凡事都有可能
Nothing is impossible
C G
有祢瞎眼能看見
Through You blind eyes are open
AM
生命能改變
Strongholds are broken
F
我憑信心而活
I am living by faith
凡事都有可能
Nothing is impossible
C DM F
我活著不是憑眼見
I'm not gonna live by what I see
AM G F
我活著不是憑感覺
I'm not gonna live by what I feel
AM G F
我深知主祢與我同在
Deep down I know that You're here with me
AM G DM7 F
在祢絕對沒有難成事
And I know that You can do anything
Bridge:
F C
我相信 我相信
I believe, I believe
DM7 F
我相信 我相信 耶穌
I believe, I believe in you
Drum cover link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IU3heFqqPmQ&feature=related
Guitar cover link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VSBR-KwuSU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrxXktRbkDY&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMfpP2y8GNY&feature=related
凡事都有可能
Key: C
|| F / / / | C / / / | Dm7 / / / | F / / / ||
Chorus:
C G
有祢我能成就一切
Through You I can do anything
AM
能成就一切
I can do all things
F
因祢賜我力量
'Cause it's You who gives me strength
凡事都有可能
Nothing is impossible
C G
有祢瞎眼能看見
Through You blind eyes are open
AM
生命能改變
Strongholds are broken
F
我憑信心而活
I am living by faith
凡事都有可能
Nothing is impossible
C DM F
我活著不是憑眼見
I'm not gonna live by what I see
AM G F
我活著不是憑感覺
I'm not gonna live by what I feel
AM G F
我深知主祢與我同在
Deep down I know that You're here with me
AM G DM7 F
在祢絕對沒有難成事
And I know that You can do anything
Bridge:
F C
我相信 我相信
I believe, I believe
DM7 F
我相信 我相信 耶穌
I believe, I believe in you
Drum cover link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IU3heFqqPmQ&feature=related
Guitar cover link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VSBR-KwuSU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrxXktRbkDY&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMfpP2y8GNY&feature=related
Sunday, January 29, 2012
缺席父亲的...全家福
缺席父亲的照片还能叫做“全家福”吗？
家人叫我们一起来拍一张全家福，我心想..
这还能叫“全家”..“福”吗？
我只好憋着“酸酸”的心情来拍一张“全家福”...
我发觉，我们重来不曾有一张完整的全家福..
这一天的到来，我还在等着呢~~~~~
家人叫我们一起来拍一张全家福，我心想..
这还能叫“全家”..“福”吗？
我只好憋着“酸酸”的心情来拍一张“全家福”...
我发觉，我们重来不曾有一张完整的全家福..
这一天的到来，我还在等着呢~~~~~
Tuesday, August 9, 2011
家“香”
Limbang My Hometown
Limbang in mandarin called "林梦".If directly translate from the mandarin it means "forest" + "dream"..."forest's dream" we called. Limbang located at the northern region of Sarawak.It also located at middle of the Brunei two separated lands. Special right?^^ hehe....So, from my hometown by driving car to Brunei just take about 45minutes to an hour. If to Miri is about 3 hours, to Kota kinabalu is about 5 hours.
My home just located at beside of the "Sungai Limbang" or "Limbang River". In other words, in front of my house was Limbang River.
Well, warmly welcome all of you who are interested to visit my hometown.^^
Limbang in mandarin called "林梦".If directly translate from the mandarin it means "forest" + "dream"..."forest's dream" we called. Limbang located at the northern region of Sarawak.It also located at middle of the Brunei two separated lands. Special right?^^ hehe....So, from my hometown by driving car to Brunei just take about 45minutes to an hour. If to Miri is about 3 hours, to Kota kinabalu is about 5 hours.
My home just located at beside of the "Sungai Limbang" or "Limbang River". In other words, in front of my house was Limbang River.
Well, warmly welcome all of you who are interested to visit my hometown.^^
Sunday, April 3, 2011
Joshua哀歌
我心里极其痛苦...如果无能事奉你~
我心里极其忧伤...如果一天不朝见你面~
我渴望每一天听见你的声音~
我渴望每一天有你的同在~
主啊，帮助我不追求赞美~
使我不效法法利赛人的脚踪~
我已决定跟随你~
当我付出，愿你祝福我~
因你的恩典，足我一世~
使我寻求你的恩惠~
当我击鼓弹旋，你知我是一心为你~
当我唱歌跳舞，一心高举你胜名~
谢谢你静止众人对我的赞美，以致我心可完全仰慕你~
众人口中对我的赞美，我心必对你动摇~
主啊，挪走我生命中极其美丽的陷阱~
使我的生命单单属于你~
有时我心渴望自己被高举，求你伸出你的恩手管教我~
因为我只愿为你而活~
每一条血管唯你所造~
我的血液终生为你而流~
我好爱你~我的道路，真理，生命~
By：Joshua Chieng
我心里极其忧伤...如果一天不朝见你面~
我渴望每一天听见你的声音~
我渴望每一天有你的同在~
主啊，帮助我不追求赞美~
使我不效法法利赛人的脚踪~
我已决定跟随你~
当我付出，愿你祝福我~
因你的恩典，足我一世~
使我寻求你的恩惠~
当我击鼓弹旋，你知我是一心为你~
当我唱歌跳舞，一心高举你胜名~
谢谢你静止众人对我的赞美，以致我心可完全仰慕你~
众人口中对我的赞美，我心必对你动摇~
主啊，挪走我生命中极其美丽的陷阱~
使我的生命单单属于你~
有时我心渴望自己被高举，求你伸出你的恩手管教我~
因为我只愿为你而活~
每一条血管唯你所造~
我的血液终生为你而流~
我好爱你~我的道路，真理，生命~
By：Joshua Chieng
Tuesday, January 4, 2011
Data Definition Language (DDL)
A Data Definition Language or Data Description Language (DDL) is a computer language for defining data structures. The term DDL was first introduced in relation to the Codasyl database model, where the schema of the database was written in a Data Description Language describing the records, fields, and "sets" making up the user Data Model. Later it was used to refer to a subset of SQL, but is now used in a generic sense to refer to any formal language for describing data or information structures, like XML schemas.
Data Definition Language (DDL) describes the portion of SQL that allows you to create, alter, and destroy database objects. These database objects include schemas, tables, views, sequences, catalogs, indexes, and aliases.
Unlike many data description languages, SQL uses a collection of imperative verbs whose effect is to modify the schema of the database by adding, changing, or deleting definitions of tables or other objects. These statements can be freely mixed with other SQL statements, so the DDL is not truly a separate language. The most commonly encountered statement is CREATE TABLE.
[edit] CREATE statements
Create - To make a new database, table, index, or stored query. A CREATE statement in SQL creates an object inside of a relational database management system (RDBMS). The types of objects that can be created depends on which RDBMS is being used, but most support the creation of tables, indexes, users, synonyms and databases. Some systems (such as PostgreSQL) allow CREATE, and other DDL commands, inside of a transaction and thus they may be rolled back.
[edit] CREATE TABLE statement
Perhaps the most common CREATE command is the CREATE TABLE command. The typical usage is:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [table name] ( [column definitions] ) [table parameters].
Column Definitions: A comma-separated list consisting of any of the following
* Column definition: [column name] [data type] {NULL | NOT NULL} {column options}
* Primary key definition: PRIMARY KEY ( [comma separated column list] )
* CONSTRAINTS: {CONSTRAINT} [constraint definition]
* RDBMS specific functionality
For example, the command to create a table named employees with a few sample columns would be:
CREATE TABLE employees (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
first_name CHAR(50) NULL,
last_name CHAR(75) NOT NULL,
dateofbirth DATE NULL
);
DROP statements
Drop - To destroy an existing database, table, index, or view.
A DROP statement in SQL removes an object from a relational database management system (RDBMS). The types of objects that can be dropped depends on which RDBMS is being used, but most support the dropping of tables, users, and databases. Some systems (such as PostgreSQL) allow DROP and other DDL commands to occur inside of a transaction and thus be rolled back. The typical usage is simply:
DROP objecttype objectname.
For example, the command to drop a table named employees would be:
DROP TABLE employees;
The DROP statement is distinct from the DELETE and TRUNCATE statements, in that they do not remove the table itself. For example, a DELETE statement might delete some (or all) data from a table while leaving the table itself in the database, whereas a DROP statement would remove the entire table from the database.
ALTER statements
Alter - To modify an existing database object.
An ALTER statement in SQL changes the properties of an object inside of a relational database management system (RDBMS). The types of objects that can be altered depends on which RDBMS is being used. The typical usage is:
ALTER objecttype objectname parameters.
For example, the command to add (then remove) a column named bubbles for an existing table named sink would be:
ALTER TABLE sink ADD bubbles INTEGER;
ALTER TABLE sink DROP COLUMN bubbles;
Referential integrity statements
Finally, other kind of DDL sentence in SQL are the statements to define referential integrity relationships, usually implemented as primary key and foreign key tags in some columns of the tables.
These two statements can be included inside a CREATE TABLE or an ALTER TABLE sentence.
XML Schema
XML Schema is an example of a pure DDL (although only relevant in the context of XML).
DDL Tools and Related Applications
Apache DdlUtils
Apache DdlUtils is a small, easy-to-use component for working with Database Definition (DDL) files. These are XML files that contain the definition of a database schema, e.g. tables and columns. These files can be fed into DdlUtils via its Ant task or programmatically in order to create the corresponding database or alter it so that it corresponds to the DDL. Likewise, DdlUtils can generate a DDL file for an existing database.
Data Definition Language (DDL) describes the portion of SQL that allows you to create, alter, and destroy database objects. These database objects include schemas, tables, views, sequences, catalogs, indexes, and aliases.
Unlike many data description languages, SQL uses a collection of imperative verbs whose effect is to modify the schema of the database by adding, changing, or deleting definitions of tables or other objects. These statements can be freely mixed with other SQL statements, so the DDL is not truly a separate language. The most commonly encountered statement is CREATE TABLE.
[edit] CREATE statements
Create - To make a new database, table, index, or stored query. A CREATE statement in SQL creates an object inside of a relational database management system (RDBMS). The types of objects that can be created depends on which RDBMS is being used, but most support the creation of tables, indexes, users, synonyms and databases. Some systems (such as PostgreSQL) allow CREATE, and other DDL commands, inside of a transaction and thus they may be rolled back.
[edit] CREATE TABLE statement
Perhaps the most common CREATE command is the CREATE TABLE command. The typical usage is:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [table name] ( [column definitions] ) [table parameters].
Column Definitions: A comma-separated list consisting of any of the following
* Column definition: [column name] [data type] {NULL | NOT NULL} {column options}
* Primary key definition: PRIMARY KEY ( [comma separated column list] )
* CONSTRAINTS: {CONSTRAINT} [constraint definition]
* RDBMS specific functionality
For example, the command to create a table named employees with a few sample columns would be:
CREATE TABLE employees (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
first_name CHAR(50) NULL,
last_name CHAR(75) NOT NULL,
dateofbirth DATE NULL
);
DROP statements
Drop - To destroy an existing database, table, index, or view.
A DROP statement in SQL removes an object from a relational database management system (RDBMS). The types of objects that can be dropped depends on which RDBMS is being used, but most support the dropping of tables, users, and databases. Some systems (such as PostgreSQL) allow DROP and other DDL commands to occur inside of a transaction and thus be rolled back. The typical usage is simply:
DROP objecttype objectname.
For example, the command to drop a table named employees would be:
DROP TABLE employees;
The DROP statement is distinct from the DELETE and TRUNCATE statements, in that they do not remove the table itself. For example, a DELETE statement might delete some (or all) data from a table while leaving the table itself in the database, whereas a DROP statement would remove the entire table from the database.
ALTER statements
Alter - To modify an existing database object.
An ALTER statement in SQL changes the properties of an object inside of a relational database management system (RDBMS). The types of objects that can be altered depends on which RDBMS is being used. The typical usage is:
ALTER objecttype objectname parameters.
For example, the command to add (then remove) a column named bubbles for an existing table named sink would be:
ALTER TABLE sink ADD bubbles INTEGER;
ALTER TABLE sink DROP COLUMN bubbles;
Referential integrity statements
Finally, other kind of DDL sentence in SQL are the statements to define referential integrity relationships, usually implemented as primary key and foreign key tags in some columns of the tables.
These two statements can be included inside a CREATE TABLE or an ALTER TABLE sentence.
XML Schema
XML Schema is an example of a pure DDL (although only relevant in the context of XML).
DDL Tools and Related Applications
Apache DdlUtils
Apache DdlUtils is a small, easy-to-use component for working with Database Definition (DDL) files. These are XML files that contain the definition of a database schema, e.g. tables and columns. These files can be fed into DdlUtils via its Ant task or programmatically in order to create the corresponding database or alter it so that it corresponds to the DDL. Likewise, DdlUtils can generate a DDL file for an existing database.
Three-level ANSI-SPARC architecture
Introduction
Contents
* The Database Approach
* User Types
* Database Architecture
o Three level database architecture
o External View
o Conceptual View
o Internal View
o Mappings
* DBMS
* Database Administrator
* Facilities and Limitations
o Data Independence
o Data Redundancy
o Data Integrity
Relational database systems have become increasingly popular since the late 1970's. They offer a powerful method for storing data in an application-independent manner. This means that for many enterprises the database is at the core of the I.T. strategy. Developments can progress around a relatively stable database structure which is secure, reliable, efficient, and transparent.
In early systems, each suite of application programs had its own independent master file. The duplication of data over master files could lead to inconsistent data.
Efforts to use a common master file for a number of application programs resulted in problems of integrity and security. The production of new application programs could require amendments to existing application programs, resulting in `unproductive maintenance'.
Data structuring techniques, developed to exploit random access storage devices, increased the complexity of the insert, delete and update operations on data. As a first step towards a DBMS, packages of subroutines were introduced to reduce programmer effort in maintaining these data structures. However, the use of these packages still requires knowledge of the physical organization of the data.
The Database Approach
A database system is a computer-based system to record and maintain information. The information concerned can be anything of significance to the organisation for whose use it is intended.
The contents of a database can hold a variety of different things. To make database design more straight-forward, databases contents are divided up into two concepts:
* Schema
* Data
The Schema is the structure of data, whereas the Data are the "facts". Schema can be complex to understand to begin with, but really indicates the rules which the Data must obey.
Imagine a case where we want to store facts about employees in a company. Such facts could include their name, address, date of birth, and salary. In a database all the information on all employees would be held in a single storage "container", called a table. This table is a tabular object like a spreadsheet page, with different employees as the rows, and the facts (e.g. their names) as columns... Let's call this table EMP, and it could look something like:
Name Address Date of Birth Salary
Jim Smith 1 Apple Lane 1/3/1991 11000
Jon Greg 5 Pear St 7/9/1992 13000
Bob Roberts 2 Plumb Road 3/2/1990 12000
From this information the schema would define that EMP has four components, "NAME","ADDRESS","DOB","SALARY". As designers we can call the columns what we like, but making them meaningful helps. In addition to the name, we want to try and make sure that people dont accidentally store a name in the DOB column, or some other silly error. Protecting the database against rubbish data is one of the most important database design steps, and is what much of this course is about. From what we know about the facts, we can say things like:
* NAME is a string, and needs to hold at least 12 characters.
* ADDRESS is a string, and needs to hold at least 12 characters.
* DOB is a date... The company forbids people over 100 years old or younger than 18 years old working for them.
* SALARY is a number. It must be greater than zero.
Such rules can be enforced by a database. During the design phase of a database schema these and more complex rules are identified and where possible implemented. The more rules the harder it is to enter poor quality data.
User Types
When considering users of a Database system, there are three broad classes to consider:
1. the application programmer, responsible for writing programs in some high-level language such as COBOL, C++, etc.
2. the end-user, who accesses the database via a query language
3. the database administrator (DBA), who controls all operations on the database
Database Architecture
DBMSs do not all conform to the same architecture.
* The three-level architecture forms the basis of modern database architectures.
* this is in agreement with the ANSI/SPARC study group on Database Management Systems.
* ANSI/SPARC is the American National Standards Institute/Standard Planning and Requirement Committee).
* The architecture for DBMSs is divided into three general levels:
* external
* conceptual
* internal
Three level database architecture
Three level architecture diagram
Figure 1: Three level architecture
1. the external level : concerned with the way individual users see the data
2. the conceptual level : can be regarded as a community user view a formal description of data of interest to the organisation, independent of any storage considerations.
3. the internal level : concerned with the way in which the data is actually stored
How the three level architecture works
Figure : How the three level architecture works
External View
A user is anyone who needs to access some portion of the data. They may range from application programmers to casual users with adhoc queries. Each user has a language at his/her disposal.
The application programmer may use a high level language ( e.g. COBOL) while the casual user will probably use a query language.
Regardless of the language used, it will include a data sublanguage DSL which is that subset of the language which is concerned with storage and retrieval of information in the database and may or may not be apparent to the user.
A DSL is a combination of two languages:
* a data definition language (DDL) - provides for the definition or description of database objects
* a data manipulation language (DML) - supports the manipulation or processing of database objects.
Each user sees the data in terms of an external view: Defined by an external schema, consisting basically of descriptions of each of the various types of external record in that external view, and also a definition of the mapping between the external schema and the underlying conceptual schema.
Conceptual View
* An abstract representation of the entire information content of the database.
* It is in general a view of the data as it actually is, that is, it is a `model' of the `realworld'.
* It consists of multiple occurrences of multiple types of conceptual record, defined in the conceptual schema.
* To achieve data independence, the definitions of conceptual records must involve information content only.
* storage structure is ignored
* access strategy is ignored
* In addition to definitions, the conceptual schema contains authorisation and validation procedures.
Internal View
The internal view is a low-level representation of the entire database consisting of multiple occurrences of multiple types of internal (stored) records.
It is however at one remove from the physical level since it does not deal in terms of physical records or blocks nor with any device specific constraints such as cylinder or track sizes. Details of mapping to physical storage is highly implementation specific and are not expressed in the three-level architecture.
The internal view described by the internal schema:
* defines the various types of stored record
* what indices exist
* how stored fields are represented
* what physical sequence the stored records are in
In effect the internal schema is the storage structure definition.
Mappings
* The conceptual/internal mapping:
o defines conceptual and internal view correspondence
o specifies mapping from conceptual records to their stored counterparts
* An external/conceptual mapping:
o defines a particular external and conceptual view correspondence
* A change to the storage structure definition means that the conceptual/internal mapping must be changed accordingly, so that the conceptual schema may remain invariant, achieving physical data independence.
* A change to the conceptual definition means that the conceptual/external mapping must be changed accordingly, so that the external schema may remain invariant, achieving logical data independence.
DBMS
The database management system (DBMS) is the software that:
* handles all access to the database
* is responsible for applying the authorisation checks and validation procedures
Conceptually what happens is:
1. A user issues an access request, using some particular DML.
2. The DBMS intercepts the request and interprets it.
3. The DBMS inspects in turn the external schema, the external/conceptual mapping, the conceptual schema, the conceptual internal mapping, and the storage structure definition.
4. The DBMS performs the necessary operations on the stored database.
Database Administrator
The database administrator (DBA) is the person (or group of people) responsible for overall control of the database system. The DBA's responsibilities include the following:
* deciding the information content of the database, i.e. identifying the entities of interest to the enterprise and the information to be recorded about those entities. This is defined by writing the conceptual schema using the DDL
* deciding the storage structure and access strategy, i.e. how the data is to be represented by writing the storage structure definition. The associated internal/conceptual schema must also be specified using the DDL
* liaising with users, i.e. to ensure that the data they require is available and to write the necessary external schemas and conceptual/external mapping (again using DDL)
* defining authorisation checks and validation procedures. Authorisation checks and validation procedures are extensions to the conceptual schema and can be specified using the DDL
* defining a strategy for backup and recovery. For example periodic dumping of the database to a backup tape and procedures for reloading the database for backup. Use of a log file where each log record contains the values for database items before and after a change and can be used for recovery purposes
* monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements, i.e. changing details of storage and access thereby organising the system so as to get the performance that is `best for the enterprise'
Facilities and Limitations
The facilities offered by DBMS vary a great deal, depending on their level of sophistication. In general, however, a good DBMS should provide the following advantages over a conventional system:
* Independence of data and program - This is a prime advantage of a database. Both the database and the user program can be altered independently of each other thus saving time and money which would be required to retain consistency.
* Data shareability and nonredundance of data - The ideal situation is to enable applications to share an integrated database containing all the data needed by the applications and thus eliminate as much as possible the need to store data redundantly.
* Integrity - With many different users sharing various portions of the database, it is impossible for each user to be responsible for the consistency of the values in the database and for maintaining the relationships of the user data items to all other data item, some of which may be unknown or even prohibited for the user to access.
* Centralised control - With central control of the database, the DBA can ensure that standards are followed in the representation of data.
* Security - Having control over the database the DBA can ensure that access to the database is through proper channels and can define the access rights of any user to any data items or defined subset of the database. The security system must prevent corruption of the existing data either accidently or maliciously.
* Performance and Efficiency - In view of the size of databases and of demanding database accessing requirements, good performance and efficiency are major requirements. Knowing the overall requirements of the organisation, as opposed to the requirements of any individual user, the DBA can structure the database system to provide an overall service that is `best for the enterprise'.
Data Independence
* This is a prime advantage of a database. Both the database and the user program can be altered independently of each other.
* In a conventional system applications are datadependent. This means that the way in which the data is organised in secondary storage and the way in which it is accessed are both dictated by the requirements of the application, and, moreover, that knowledge of the data organisation and access technique is built into the application logic.
* For example, if a file is stored in indexed sequential form then an application must know
o that the index exists
o the file sequence (as defined by the index)
The internal structure of the application will be built around this knowledge. If, for example, the file was to be replaced by a hash-addressed file, major modifications would have to be made to the application.
Such an application is data-dependent - it is impossible to change the storage structure (how the data is physically recorded) or the access strategy (how it is accessed) without affecting the application, probably drastically. The portions of the application requiring alteration are those that communicate with the file handling software - the difficulties involved are quite irrelevant to the problem the application was written to solve.
* it is undesirable to allow applications to be data-dependent - different applications will need different views of the same data.
* the DBA must have the freedom to change storage structure or access strategy in response to changing requirements without having to modify existing applications.
* Data independence can be defines as
`The immunity of applications to change in storage structure and access strategy'.
Data Redundancy
In non-database systems each application has its own private files. This can often lead to redundancy in stored data, with resultant waste in storage space. In a database the data is integrated.
The database may be thought of as a unification of several otherwise distinct data files, with any redundancy among those files partially or wholly eliminated.
Data integration is generally regarded as an important characteristic of a database. The avoidance of redundancy should be an aim, however, the vigour with which this aim should be pursued is open to question.
Redundancy is
* direct if a value is a copy of another
* indirect if the value can be derived from other values:
o simplifies retrieval but complicates update
o conversely integration makes retrieval slow and updates easier
* Data redundancy can lead to inconsistency in the database unless controlled.
* the system should be aware of any data duplication - the system is responsible for ensuring updates are carried out correctly.
* a DB with uncontrolled redundancy can be in an inconsistent state - it can supply incorrect or conflicting information
* a given fact represented by a single entry cannot result in inconsistency - few systems are capable of propagating updates i.e. most systems do not support controlled redundancy.
Data Integrity
This describes the problem of ensuring that the data in the database is accurate...
* inconsistencies between two entries representing the same `fact' give an example of lack of integrity (caused by redundancy in the database).
* integrity constraints can be viewed as a set of assertions to be obeyed when updating a DB to preserve an error-free state.
* even if redundancy is eliminated, the DB may still contain incorrect data.
* integrity checks which are important are checks on data items and record types.
Integrity checks on data items can be divided into 4 groups:
1. type checks
* e.g. ensuring a numeric field is numeric and not a character - this check should be performed automatically by the DBMS.
2. redundancy checks
* direct or indirect (see data redundancy) - this check is not automatic in most cases.
3. range checks
* e.g. to ensure a data item value falls within a specified range of values, such as checking dates so that say (age > 0 AND age < 110).
4. comparison checks
* in this check a function of a set of data item values is compared against a function of another set of data item values. For example, the max salary for a given set of employees must be less than the min salary for the set of employees on a higher salary scale.
A record type may have constraints on the total number of occurrences, or on the insertions and deletions of records. For example in a patient database there may be a limit on the number of xray results for each patient or the details of a patients visit to hospital must be kept for a minimum of 5 years before it can be deleted
* Centralized control of the database helps maintain integrity, and permits the DBA to define validation procedures to be carried out whenever any update operation is attempted (update covers modification, creation and deletion).
* Integrity is important in a database system - an application run without validation procedures can produce erroneous data which can then affect other applications using that data.
Contents
* The Database Approach
* User Types
* Database Architecture
o Three level database architecture
o External View
o Conceptual View
o Internal View
o Mappings
* DBMS
* Database Administrator
* Facilities and Limitations
o Data Independence
o Data Redundancy
o Data Integrity
Relational database systems have become increasingly popular since the late 1970's. They offer a powerful method for storing data in an application-independent manner. This means that for many enterprises the database is at the core of the I.T. strategy. Developments can progress around a relatively stable database structure which is secure, reliable, efficient, and transparent.
In early systems, each suite of application programs had its own independent master file. The duplication of data over master files could lead to inconsistent data.
Efforts to use a common master file for a number of application programs resulted in problems of integrity and security. The production of new application programs could require amendments to existing application programs, resulting in `unproductive maintenance'.
Data structuring techniques, developed to exploit random access storage devices, increased the complexity of the insert, delete and update operations on data. As a first step towards a DBMS, packages of subroutines were introduced to reduce programmer effort in maintaining these data structures. However, the use of these packages still requires knowledge of the physical organization of the data.
The Database Approach
A database system is a computer-based system to record and maintain information. The information concerned can be anything of significance to the organisation for whose use it is intended.
The contents of a database can hold a variety of different things. To make database design more straight-forward, databases contents are divided up into two concepts:
* Schema
* Data
The Schema is the structure of data, whereas the Data are the "facts". Schema can be complex to understand to begin with, but really indicates the rules which the Data must obey.
Imagine a case where we want to store facts about employees in a company. Such facts could include their name, address, date of birth, and salary. In a database all the information on all employees would be held in a single storage "container", called a table. This table is a tabular object like a spreadsheet page, with different employees as the rows, and the facts (e.g. their names) as columns... Let's call this table EMP, and it could look something like:
Name Address Date of Birth Salary
Jim Smith 1 Apple Lane 1/3/1991 11000
Jon Greg 5 Pear St 7/9/1992 13000
Bob Roberts 2 Plumb Road 3/2/1990 12000
From this information the schema would define that EMP has four components, "NAME","ADDRESS","DOB","SALARY". As designers we can call the columns what we like, but making them meaningful helps. In addition to the name, we want to try and make sure that people dont accidentally store a name in the DOB column, or some other silly error. Protecting the database against rubbish data is one of the most important database design steps, and is what much of this course is about. From what we know about the facts, we can say things like:
* NAME is a string, and needs to hold at least 12 characters.
* ADDRESS is a string, and needs to hold at least 12 characters.
* DOB is a date... The company forbids people over 100 years old or younger than 18 years old working for them.
* SALARY is a number. It must be greater than zero.
Such rules can be enforced by a database. During the design phase of a database schema these and more complex rules are identified and where possible implemented. The more rules the harder it is to enter poor quality data.
User Types
When considering users of a Database system, there are three broad classes to consider:
1. the application programmer, responsible for writing programs in some high-level language such as COBOL, C++, etc.
2. the end-user, who accesses the database via a query language
3. the database administrator (DBA), who controls all operations on the database
Database Architecture
DBMSs do not all conform to the same architecture.
* The three-level architecture forms the basis of modern database architectures.
* this is in agreement with the ANSI/SPARC study group on Database Management Systems.
* ANSI/SPARC is the American National Standards Institute/Standard Planning and Requirement Committee).
* The architecture for DBMSs is divided into three general levels:
* external
* conceptual
* internal
Three level database architecture
Three level architecture diagram
Figure 1: Three level architecture
1. the external level : concerned with the way individual users see the data
2. the conceptual level : can be regarded as a community user view a formal description of data of interest to the organisation, independent of any storage considerations.
3. the internal level : concerned with the way in which the data is actually stored
How the three level architecture works
Figure : How the three level architecture works
External View
A user is anyone who needs to access some portion of the data. They may range from application programmers to casual users with adhoc queries. Each user has a language at his/her disposal.
The application programmer may use a high level language ( e.g. COBOL) while the casual user will probably use a query language.
Regardless of the language used, it will include a data sublanguage DSL which is that subset of the language which is concerned with storage and retrieval of information in the database and may or may not be apparent to the user.
A DSL is a combination of two languages:
* a data definition language (DDL) - provides for the definition or description of database objects
* a data manipulation language (DML) - supports the manipulation or processing of database objects.
Each user sees the data in terms of an external view: Defined by an external schema, consisting basically of descriptions of each of the various types of external record in that external view, and also a definition of the mapping between the external schema and the underlying conceptual schema.
Conceptual View
* An abstract representation of the entire information content of the database.
* It is in general a view of the data as it actually is, that is, it is a `model' of the `realworld'.
* It consists of multiple occurrences of multiple types of conceptual record, defined in the conceptual schema.
* To achieve data independence, the definitions of conceptual records must involve information content only.
* storage structure is ignored
* access strategy is ignored
* In addition to definitions, the conceptual schema contains authorisation and validation procedures.
Internal View
The internal view is a low-level representation of the entire database consisting of multiple occurrences of multiple types of internal (stored) records.
It is however at one remove from the physical level since it does not deal in terms of physical records or blocks nor with any device specific constraints such as cylinder or track sizes. Details of mapping to physical storage is highly implementation specific and are not expressed in the three-level architecture.
The internal view described by the internal schema:
* defines the various types of stored record
* what indices exist
* how stored fields are represented
* what physical sequence the stored records are in
In effect the internal schema is the storage structure definition.
Mappings
* The conceptual/internal mapping:
o defines conceptual and internal view correspondence
o specifies mapping from conceptual records to their stored counterparts
* An external/conceptual mapping:
o defines a particular external and conceptual view correspondence
* A change to the storage structure definition means that the conceptual/internal mapping must be changed accordingly, so that the conceptual schema may remain invariant, achieving physical data independence.
* A change to the conceptual definition means that the conceptual/external mapping must be changed accordingly, so that the external schema may remain invariant, achieving logical data independence.
DBMS
The database management system (DBMS) is the software that:
* handles all access to the database
* is responsible for applying the authorisation checks and validation procedures
Conceptually what happens is:
1. A user issues an access request, using some particular DML.
2. The DBMS intercepts the request and interprets it.
3. The DBMS inspects in turn the external schema, the external/conceptual mapping, the conceptual schema, the conceptual internal mapping, and the storage structure definition.
4. The DBMS performs the necessary operations on the stored database.
Database Administrator
The database administrator (DBA) is the person (or group of people) responsible for overall control of the database system. The DBA's responsibilities include the following:
* deciding the information content of the database, i.e. identifying the entities of interest to the enterprise and the information to be recorded about those entities. This is defined by writing the conceptual schema using the DDL
* deciding the storage structure and access strategy, i.e. how the data is to be represented by writing the storage structure definition. The associated internal/conceptual schema must also be specified using the DDL
* liaising with users, i.e. to ensure that the data they require is available and to write the necessary external schemas and conceptual/external mapping (again using DDL)
* defining authorisation checks and validation procedures. Authorisation checks and validation procedures are extensions to the conceptual schema and can be specified using the DDL
* defining a strategy for backup and recovery. For example periodic dumping of the database to a backup tape and procedures for reloading the database for backup. Use of a log file where each log record contains the values for database items before and after a change and can be used for recovery purposes
* monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements, i.e. changing details of storage and access thereby organising the system so as to get the performance that is `best for the enterprise'
Facilities and Limitations
The facilities offered by DBMS vary a great deal, depending on their level of sophistication. In general, however, a good DBMS should provide the following advantages over a conventional system:
* Independence of data and program - This is a prime advantage of a database. Both the database and the user program can be altered independently of each other thus saving time and money which would be required to retain consistency.
* Data shareability and nonredundance of data - The ideal situation is to enable applications to share an integrated database containing all the data needed by the applications and thus eliminate as much as possible the need to store data redundantly.
* Integrity - With many different users sharing various portions of the database, it is impossible for each user to be responsible for the consistency of the values in the database and for maintaining the relationships of the user data items to all other data item, some of which may be unknown or even prohibited for the user to access.
* Centralised control - With central control of the database, the DBA can ensure that standards are followed in the representation of data.
* Security - Having control over the database the DBA can ensure that access to the database is through proper channels and can define the access rights of any user to any data items or defined subset of the database. The security system must prevent corruption of the existing data either accidently or maliciously.
* Performance and Efficiency - In view of the size of databases and of demanding database accessing requirements, good performance and efficiency are major requirements. Knowing the overall requirements of the organisation, as opposed to the requirements of any individual user, the DBA can structure the database system to provide an overall service that is `best for the enterprise'.
Data Independence
* This is a prime advantage of a database. Both the database and the user program can be altered independently of each other.
* In a conventional system applications are datadependent. This means that the way in which the data is organised in secondary storage and the way in which it is accessed are both dictated by the requirements of the application, and, moreover, that knowledge of the data organisation and access technique is built into the application logic.
* For example, if a file is stored in indexed sequential form then an application must know
o that the index exists
o the file sequence (as defined by the index)
The internal structure of the application will be built around this knowledge. If, for example, the file was to be replaced by a hash-addressed file, major modifications would have to be made to the application.
Such an application is data-dependent - it is impossible to change the storage structure (how the data is physically recorded) or the access strategy (how it is accessed) without affecting the application, probably drastically. The portions of the application requiring alteration are those that communicate with the file handling software - the difficulties involved are quite irrelevant to the problem the application was written to solve.
* it is undesirable to allow applications to be data-dependent - different applications will need different views of the same data.
* the DBA must have the freedom to change storage structure or access strategy in response to changing requirements without having to modify existing applications.
* Data independence can be defines as
`The immunity of applications to change in storage structure and access strategy'.
Data Redundancy
In non-database systems each application has its own private files. This can often lead to redundancy in stored data, with resultant waste in storage space. In a database the data is integrated.
The database may be thought of as a unification of several otherwise distinct data files, with any redundancy among those files partially or wholly eliminated.
Data integration is generally regarded as an important characteristic of a database. The avoidance of redundancy should be an aim, however, the vigour with which this aim should be pursued is open to question.
Redundancy is
* direct if a value is a copy of another
* indirect if the value can be derived from other values:
o simplifies retrieval but complicates update
o conversely integration makes retrieval slow and updates easier
* Data redundancy can lead to inconsistency in the database unless controlled.
* the system should be aware of any data duplication - the system is responsible for ensuring updates are carried out correctly.
* a DB with uncontrolled redundancy can be in an inconsistent state - it can supply incorrect or conflicting information
* a given fact represented by a single entry cannot result in inconsistency - few systems are capable of propagating updates i.e. most systems do not support controlled redundancy.
Data Integrity
This describes the problem of ensuring that the data in the database is accurate...
* inconsistencies between two entries representing the same `fact' give an example of lack of integrity (caused by redundancy in the database).
* integrity constraints can be viewed as a set of assertions to be obeyed when updating a DB to preserve an error-free state.
* even if redundancy is eliminated, the DB may still contain incorrect data.
* integrity checks which are important are checks on data items and record types.
Integrity checks on data items can be divided into 4 groups:
1. type checks
* e.g. ensuring a numeric field is numeric and not a character - this check should be performed automatically by the DBMS.
2. redundancy checks
* direct or indirect (see data redundancy) - this check is not automatic in most cases.
3. range checks
* e.g. to ensure a data item value falls within a specified range of values, such as checking dates so that say (age > 0 AND age < 110).
4. comparison checks
* in this check a function of a set of data item values is compared against a function of another set of data item values. For example, the max salary for a given set of employees must be less than the min salary for the set of employees on a higher salary scale.
A record type may have constraints on the total number of occurrences, or on the insertions and deletions of records. For example in a patient database there may be a limit on the number of xray results for each patient or the details of a patients visit to hospital must be kept for a minimum of 5 years before it can be deleted
* Centralized control of the database helps maintain integrity, and permits the DBA to define validation procedures to be carried out whenever any update operation is attempted (update covers modification, creation and deletion).
* Integrity is important in a database system - an application run without validation procedures can produce erroneous data which can then affect other applications using that data.
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
童年无知痴情传
2010年将近尾声。给与我，2010年是不可思议的一年。哈哈~
怎么说呢？？
我是一个很“痴情”的男人~突然有感动写下这篇“童年无知痴情传”哈哈~这一切都是回想~发现现在的自己的确变得比较成熟了。这是肯定的！
我了解我的个性~2010年之前，我把很多的心思都投入在男女关系上，最终换来两败俱伤~~
我开始会想起我曾经追求过的女子，，没记错有四个认真的,一个是玩玩的（><！！我很残酷吧?!!哈哈！！）
我想起，当时我是多么的喜欢她们~~投资了时间，爱，金钱，，，换来一场空~~
我没怪任何人，自能说是自己不成熟，把感情看得太简单了，也不了解~~~
过后演变成我被感情操控了，陷在里面，无能自拔~~~（告诉你，不好受~~感觉被感情谋杀似的。哈哈）~~
我回想起四个被我最求过的女孩，三个都不是很好的下场（说明：这4个我都没成功追到手~~）
第一个：也就是初恋，从小学五年级开始对她有好感，到了中二，她的一巴掌就了断了最求的路程。中学毕业后，可悲的是，她嫁给了马来人，听了挺难过的，因为她没信主。
第二个：最求将近3年半，我最求到好累好累还是得不到~~自己选择放弃了~~今天她不在走在上帝的计划了，对我来说她以完全的被世界吞灭了~~我们还是很好朋友，听到了她的传闻我真的很伤心（不想说~），我只能默默的为她祷告。希望有一天可以上岸（回到上帝）~~
第三位：不成熟的我被她的可爱打动了~~（会想起，觉得自己好蠢><!!)过后，一年的努力后也放弃了，因为她说她没想过要结婚生小孩。所以就打消最求她的念头~~过了几个月，有她的消息了，~~~她怀孕了~~我听了吓一跳~~他的老公还比她年轻好几岁~~但是，感谢神，她还在上帝的道路上。
第四位：记得第一眼见到她时，我心想不可能~~没想到半年后我她越来越吸引我，就开始最求她了~~在2010年头打消了这念头，因为我发现我所最求的东西要比这个更大，所以要放弃最求的念头~~我要追求异象，完成使命！！
终于找到生命的意义，感觉就像在海里游泳的人一直游不上岸~~明白了异象，感觉就像爬上大陆可以安心的透气~~没有比这根重要的了。2010年里，哈哈，没有最求女孩子~~因为时间和成熟度还不允许，我想上帝也不许可。。呵呵~~~
2010年给与我是一个大突破~~~2010年之前都在最求自己所渴望的，到头来一场空~~2010年，变成最求上帝的国度，换来上帝的祝福，比我以前最求的爱更大，那就是弟兄姐们无条件的爱和上帝的爱~~那种感觉好好好满足^^。。。感受过的人就能明白，我很想解释，但是不知如何解释让你明白~~~（sorry yo……^o^)
之前的一切经历，我的思想变得更成熟了~~~也看到上帝是多么多么的爱我~~要是当时我成功“钓到那一只鱼”的话，现在的我不知会在那里，会做些什么，变成怎样的人~~感觉上帝在每一个关键都回拉我一把~~
我会把这一切列为美好的回忆^^
相信时间到了，一定的成熟或成长了，都不用担心了~~因为神总是把最好的给我~~
Thursday, December 23, 2010
Retreat (Gunung Lambak, Kluang)
I love this family of god.
They are my brothers.
They are my Sisters.
We have same vision.
We have same believe.
We are in the same direction.
We will not alone in this journey.
Love.
Acceptance.
Forgiveness.
I love year 2010. i growth much in this year. Thank my shepherd, and all leaders as well. I will challenge myself to grow in this vision in order to expend god's kingdom.
Through few days of retreat, i am more familiar with each and everyone lives. Even though we still have many weaknesses, but as we "bond" together shows we are strong.
Brothers and sisters, do not give up, lets god's love fill everyone of us. Lets we love each others with Agape.^^
Love you all.
Monday, November 22, 2010
Moral
1. Asal perkataan moral..
Perkataan moral berasal daripada perkataan Latin ‘moralitas’ yang membawa pengertian ajaran dan pegangan berkenaan dengan buruk baik.
2. Rujukan utama perbuatan moral
(amalan,nilai-nilai moral)
3. Etika
(satu disiplin yang menentukan perkara itu baik dan buruk)
4. Etika adalah cabang utama dari apa?
(Fedeologi,Falsafah)
Falsafah
5. Faktor pembentukan –faktor luaran
• Faktor Institusi Kekeluargaan
Keluarga merupakan antara pengaruh utama dalam kehidupan seseorang remaja.
• Faktor Rakan Sebaya
Rakan sebaya berumur lebih kurang sama dengan remaja tersebut. Rakan sebaya bagi remaja terdiri daripada rakan persekolahan, rakan yang tinggal di kawasan perumahan yang sama,rakan-rakan dalam aktiviti riadah dan sukan yang sama.
• Faktor Kurangnya Pendidikan
Sistem pendidikan harus berfungsi sebagai mekanisme yang menjalankan tugas sebagai agen tazkiyah (penyucian) jiwa bagi melahirkan warganegara yang berakhlak.
• Faktor Persekitaraan
Pertumbuhan dan perkembangam sosial remaja mestilah seiring dengan norma-norma masyarakat Malaysia.
• Faktor Media Massa
Media bukan sahaja merupakan cermin kepada masyarakat malahan ia juga merupakan alat perubahan kepada sesuatu masyarakat.
6. Perkataan akhlak berasal dr mana?
Arab
7. Perkataan akhlak dlm islam.
Akhlaq / Khuluk (different book different answer)
8. Asas etika islam
-Etika dari bahasa Yunani adalah “Ethos”.
9. Prinsip moral yg diinspirasikan melalui wahyu
10. P’bezaan atr moral akhlak & etika
• Etika berasal dari bahasa Yunani “ethos” yang bererti adat istiadat atau kebiasaan yang baik
• Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat mendefinasi “etika” sebagai:
o 1. ilmu berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip akhlak atau moral
o 2. prinsip moral (atau akhlak) atau nilai-nilai akhlak yang menjadi pegangan seseorang individu atau sesuatu kumpulan (persatuan, pekerjaan, dll).
• watak kesusilaan adat.
Akhlak - watak yang baik //perilaku, perangai atau tabiat
11. Etika t’bhgi kpd 2bhgn(aktif,pasif,tentative)
• Etika deskriptif
• Etika normatif
12. Apakah maksud utilitarisme
• Dasar etika untuk membaharui hukum Inggeris,khususnya undang-undang jenayah.
• Sesuatu perbuatan adalah baik jika membawa manfaat,tetapi manfaat tersebut harus dikongsi bersama seluruh masyarakat.
13. Siapakah 2 ahli falsafah yg b’kait rapat dgn teori utilitarisme
• David Hume
• Jeremy Bentham
• Utilitarianisme diperhalus dan diperkukuh lagi oleh falsafah Inggeris,John Stuart Mill(1806-1873)
14. Dasar teori etika utilitarisme
15. Dasar teori etika dentologi
-Deontologi berasal dari perkataan Yunani "deon" yang bermaksud "yang diharuskan atau diwajibkan".
-Deontologi Tindakan (Act) dan Deontologi Peraturan (Rule)
Teori Deontologi Tindakan (act deontology) menegaskan semua pertimbangan keputusan moral adalah bersifat spesifik dan menitikberatkan apa yang berlaku ataupun tindakan dalam situasi-situasi.
Teori Deontologi Tindakan termasuk:-
a) Intuisionisme (hati nurani menentukan kepiawaian betul atau salah)
b) Eksistensialisme (tiada yang betul atau salah sehingga seseorang memilih apa yang betul atau salah)
Teori Deontologi Peraturan (rule deontology) mengatakan kepiawaian berkenaan betul ataupun salah tindakan itu terdiri daripada satu ataupun lebih peraturan.
Teori Deontologi Peraturan termasuk:-
a) Imperatif Kategori / Etika Kant
b) Perintah Ilahi
c) Intuisionisme Peraturan
16. Prinsip dlm teori dentologi
• Prinsip kewajipan ( Immannuel Kant) –
sikap jujur, mengikut arahan, menepati janji
- Moral benar – perbuataan baik tanpa syarat
-prinsip tertinggi dari moral
17. Ciri-ciri utama moral terhadap alam sekitar
(common sense)
18. Mengapakah individu harus mengamalkan amalan moral.
(common sense)
19. Kepentingan moral dlm kehidupan
Moral adalah penting dalam kehidupan manusia kerana ia dapat membantu manusia untuk mengenali mana yang benar atau salah. Ianya berkaitan dengan kesedaran tentang kekuatan yang mantap. Kombinasi ini akan melahirkan corak pilihan yang baik atau buruk .
20. Apakah yg dimksudkan dgn moral sejagat
21. Pilih pernyataan yg tidak m’ggambrkan tentng agama hindu
22. Asas etika agama Buddha
Etika dalam agama Hindu bergantung kepada prinsip “Brahma” yang menjadi dasar kepada norma yang teratur dan bermatlamat.
Ia bermaksud keadilan, kebaikan, kesucian, benar, sederhana dan suci.
Brahma ini menjadi kod etika yang merangkumi semua aspek kehidupan manusia. Brahma merupakan salah satu matlamat hidup yang mesti diikuti berdasarkan kelas dan status seseorang.
23. Empat objektif mulia yang membentuk jati diri masyarakat india
Aram/dharma
Porul/artha
Inbam/kama
Vidu/maksha
Aram/dharma iaitu diperolehi melalui pendidikan yang bersifat kerohanian
yang mementingkan moral dan etika ianya merupakan objektif yang utama
dalam kehidupan ini.
Porul/artha iaitu kekayaan. Individu yang berkemahiran hendaklah bekerja
dan mencari dan mengumpul kekayaan melalui cara yang halal.
Inbam/kama iaitu orang yang mengumpulkan kekayaan secara halal
hendaklah menikmati kekayaan tersebut dan berlandaskan moral dan etika.
Tujuan mencari rezeki ialah untuk memberi makan dan pakai ahli keluarga.
Vidu/moksha iaitu pencapaian kebebasan kerohanian di mana golongan tua
yang menunggu saat kematian dapat mengatasi nafsu dan keinginan terutama
perkara-perkara duniawi. Mereka melakukan keIja amal disamping
menyebarkan ajaran -ajaran agama.
24. Karma dimaksudkan dlm agama Buddha
A. karma adalah hukum sebab dan akibat, apa yang kau tabur itu yang kau tuai, kalau anda melakukan kejahatan maka akan di balas dengan kejahatan dan begitu juga dengan sebaliknya,ada kasus dimana kejahatan atau kebaikan yang dia lakukan tidak di balas di kehidupan sekarang melainkan di kehidupan mendatang.
B. menurut KBBI :
karma bermaksud:
1 perbuatan manusia ketika hidup di dunia: hidup sbg umat Tuhan itu sekadar melakukan darma dan --;
2 hukum sebab-akibat: -- bukan hanya menguasai manusia, tetapi juga merupakan suatu hukum mutlak dl alam
25. nilai-nilai murni yang disarankan dalam agama hindu
Dharma, ahimsa, dhrithi, kamahaa, damo, stheyam, showcha, mindriya nigraham, dheer, vidyaa, maakkrodha, sathya.
26. pancasila agama hindu
Pancasila, Atthasila
Upasaka-upasika, adalah siswa yang dekat dengan guru dan menggunakan jubah putih. Mereka hidupnya melaksanakan lima aturan kemoralan (sila) dan dapat melatih delapan kemoralan (sila) karena dengan melatih lima kemoralan (sila) tersebut. Mereka yang melatih diri dan melengkapi hidupnya dengan aturan-aturan kemoralan, maka akan berakibat terlahir di alam bahagia (surga), bila melatih lima kemoralan (sila) dengan sungguh-sungguh akan berakibat memperoleh kebahagiaan, kemakmuran, kedamaian dan kesejahteraan, dalam kehidupan sekarang ini. Dan, bila melatih lima atau delapan kemoralan dengan sungguh-sungguh mempraktikannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan dengan sempurna, sempurna pula kebajikan (paramita) maka akan berakibat mencapai pembebasan dari derita (dukkha) dan dapat meraih kebahagiaan tertinggi Nibbanna. Nibbanaæ Paramaæ Sukhaæ; artinya, kebahagiaan yang tertinggi adalah kebahagiaan dimana mencapai kondisi batin yang telah merealisir Nibbanna.
Pancasila-Pancadhamma
Seorang upasika-upasika hendaknya melatih lima sila Pancasila-Budddhis dan sekaligus melaksanakan Dhamma dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Berikut ini, lima macam Dhamma yang bagus, yang merupakan bahan untuk mentaati pancasila buddhis, yaitu:
1. Mettā-Karunā: cinta-kasih dan belas kasihan. Dhamma pertama ini sama dengan sila pertama pancasila.
2. Sammā-Âjiva: Pencaharian benar, Dhamma kedua ini sama dengan sila kedua dari pancasila.
3. Kāmasaævara: penahanan diri terhadap nafsu inderia. Dhamma ketiga ini sama dengan sila ketiga pancasila.
4. Sacca: kebenaran, yaitu benar dalam perbuatan, ucapan dan pikiran. Dhamma keempat ini sama dengan sila keempat dari pancasila.
5. Sati-sampajañña: kesadaran benar. Dhamma kelima ini sama dengan sila kelima dari pancasila.
27. maksud etika dlm agama kristian
Ten commandment (not sure)wahahaha….
28. proses pengulangan kehidupan semula dalam agama hindu
-Terdapat dalam doktrin Karma.
-mokhsa (study about it)
29. maksud cinta taat(obedient love) dlm falsafah kristian
Ajaran asasnya ialah mencintai Tuhan dengan sepenuh hati dan mencintai jiran seperti mencintai diri sendiri. undang-undang yang berupa The Ten Commandments yang diperkenankan Tuhan melalui
para nabi bertujuan supaya manusia mengamalkan cara hidup yang baik, di antaranya jgn berzina, menghormati kedua ibubapa, jgn membunuh, mencuri, etc
Old Testament juga menekankan keadilan, kejujuran dan berbuat baik. Dalam New Testament prinsip etika turut ditekankan.
Tujuan hidup bukan hanya untuk mengumpul kebendaan, kedudukan dan pangkat kerana itu tidak kekal.
30. maksud yin yang dalam taoisme
“saling bertentangan”(hitam –putih, laki-perempuan, panas-sejuk)
31. kepercayaan taoisme (fengshui,p’ubtn tradisi cina)
Mentukan kesesuaian penempatan atau masa.
32. kepercayaa confusianisme
Ajaran terkandung dalam buku-buku yang dikenali Lima klasik dan Empat buku.
Lapan nilai murni: ren, xiao, chung, shu, zhi, yi, li, ming
33. etika dalam agama sikh
5k???
34. prinsip kewajipan moral dalam teori moral dentologi
Ciri-Ciri Teori Prinsip Kewajipan Teori ini juga dikenali dengan ungkapan teori deontologis iaitu golongan yang tidak percaya dengan akibat. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) menyatakan bahawa sikap jujur, mengikut arahan, menepati janji serta adil adalah tujuan utama dan bukannya akibat kerja berkenaan.
35. tokoh falsafah eksistensialisme
Eksistensialisme adalah aliran filsafat yg pahamnya berpusat pada manusia individu yang bertanggung jawab atas kemauannya yang bebas tanpa memikirkan secara mendalam mana yang benar dan mana yang tidak benar.
Soren Kierkegaard, martin Heidegger, karl jaspers, Gabriel marcel, Jean paul sartre
36. etika dlm peniagaan,kepentingan
• Etika perniagaan adalah prinsip-prinsip moral yang standard kelakuan perniagaan yang diterima oleh komuniti peniaga dan dunia perniagaan. Ia merupakan satu set nilai dan peraturan yang merangkumi peraturan yang baik atau buruk di dalam operasi perniagaan. Pada kebiasaannya pihak kerajaan, orang ramai, pesaing dan individu menentukan apa yang boleh diterima umum. Sebagai contoh, seorang usahawan yang beretika pada kebiasaannya adalah seorang yang jujur dan amanah.
• Etika perniagaan adalah penting kerana ia akan menyesuaikan perniagaan dengan nilai dan jangkaan masyarakat. Usahawan dan perniagaan dijangka mematuhi Akta dan Undang-undang tempatan. Selain daripada peraturan dan akta perniagaan, keputusan beretika dapat menguatkan perhubungan dan Kepercayaan dalam dunia perniagaan. Keputusan perniagaan yang tidak beretika bukan sahaja menghilangkan kepercayaan pelanggan tetapi juga melemahkan perniagaan di kemudian hari kelak.
37. maksud konflik moral
-KONFLIK MORAL Merupakan pertembungan di antara dua nilai yang bertentangan dalam satu keadaan.
-Konflik juga boleh berlaku antara dua pihak atau interpersonal konflik.
-Konflik ini berlaku apabila wujud konflik antara seorang dengan seseorang yang lain atau antara individu dengan kumpulan yang lebih dikenali sebagai konflik intrakumpulan yang disebabkan kerana ahli kumpulan yang bersaing lebih bersikap individualistik, tidak berkongsi matlamat yang sama serta kurang berkomunikasi..
38. strategic yg boleh dilakukan dgn konflik moral
Strategi Pembinaan Hirarki- Strategi Pembinaan Hirarki adalah strategi yang menyusun atur nilai-nilai bermula dengan yang paling penting hingga ke kurang penting dalam menyelesaikan sesuatu masalah. Daripada hirarki ini, sesuatu keputusan akan dibuat tentang apakah yang patut dilakukan.
Strategi Pencairan Masalah- Strategi pencairan masalah ialah mengambil alternatif lain, iaitu membawa maksud penghasilan satu alternatif atau lebih yang dapat menjauhkan atau menghindarkan kita daripada sesuatu masalah tersebut.
Strategi kompromi- bermaksud memperuntukkan sesuatu, tetapi bukan segala-galanya kepada setiap orang dengan mengadakan rundingan antara dua pihak ataupun lebih. Selain itu, Strategi kompromi juga bermaksud memperuntukkan sedikit daripada setiap nilai, bukan untuk mencapai satu nilai sahaja dengan mengetepikan nilai lain.
39. isu moral : punca-punca isu moral berlaku
( cant found specific answer)
40. jenis2x konflik moral
konflik moral intrapersonal
konflik moral interpersonal
Konflik Antara Kumpulan
41. cara mengatasi isu moral
( cant found specific answer)
42. teori egoism –teori(merujuk kpd)
-Teori Egoisme (Egoism) merujuk kepada sebarang perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang itu semata-mata untuk memanfaatkan diri sendiri.
-Teori Egoisme diasakan oleh Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900). Beliau ialah seorang ahli falsafah yang mengkritik utilititarianisme.
43. teori moral barat-teleologist (proceed to question 53)
44. prinsip etika sekularisme
-Sekularisme ialah ideologi bahawa urusan keduniaan seperti politik, pentadbiran dan undang-undang harus dipisahkan dari urusan keagamaan.
-Sekularisme juga boleh bermaksud fahaman yang menggalakkan idea atau nilai sekular dalam ruang awam atau peribadi.
- Mereka yang berpegang kepada fahaman ini adalah dipanggil golongan sekularis.
- Mengikut kamus Inggeris, sekular bermaksud:
1. Keduniaan
2. Tiada agama
3. Tidak zuhud
- Sekularisme adalah konsep bahawa kerajaan atau entiti lain harus wujud secara terasing dari agama dan/atau kepercayaan agama.
45. etika egoism universal
Universal ethical egoism is the theory that everyone ought always to serve his or her own self-interest. That is, everyone ought to do what will maximize one’s own expected utility or bring about one’s own happiness, even when it mean harming others. “Everyone should do what is in his own interests.”
46. apakah yg dimksudkan dgn egoism
-Teori eogisme atau egotisme diasaskan oleh Friedrich Wilhelm Nietche yang merupakan pengkritik kuat utilitarianisme dan juga kuat menentang teori Kemoralan Sosial.
-Teori egoisme berprinsip bahawa setiap orang mestilah bersifat keakuan, iaitu melakukan sesuatu yang bermatlamat memberikan faedah kepada diri sendiri.
-Selain itu, setiap perbuatan yang memberikan keuntungan merupakan perbuatan yang baik dan satu perbuatan yang buruk jika merugikan diri sendiri.
47. siapakah yg pertama m’ggnakan istilah sekularisme
-The term "secularism" was first used by the British writer George Holyoake in 1846.
48. faktor2x yg m’bawa kpd kemunculan kefahaman sekularisme
http://suhaimisautar.blogspot.com/2010/08/perkembangan-sekularisme-dan-kesannya.html
49. nilai2x positif pd masykt secular
Keunggulan Positif di belakang masyarakat sekular
1. Kehormatan mendalam untuk para individu dan kumpulan kecil yang mana mereka sebahagian dengan.
2. Kesamaan semua rakyat.
3. Setiap orang harus dibantu untuk menyedari kecermelangan khusus mereka.
4. Membahagikan batasan kelas dan kasta.[21]
50. psiko analisis –siapakah yg m’perkenalkan
-Psikoanalisis adalah cabang ilmu yang dikembangkan oleh Sigmund Freud dan para pengikutnya, sebagai studi fungsi dan perilaku psikologis manusia.
- Psikoanalisis bolehlah diiktirafkan sebagai satu
kaedah bagi merawati seorang individu yang meminta
bantuan berkaitan dengan masalah emosinya.
-Menurut freud, kehidupan jiwa memiliki tiga tingkatan kesadaran, yakni sadar (en:conscious), prasadar (en:preconscious), dan tak-sadar (unconscious).[5]
-Aliran psikoanalisis Freud merujuk pada suatu jenis perlakuan dimana orang yang dianalisis mengungkapkan pemikiran secara verbal, termasuk asosiasi bebas, khayalan, dan mimpi, yang menjadi sumber bagi seorang penganalisis merumuskan konflik tidak sadar yang menyebabkan gejala yang dirasakan dan permasalahan karakter pada pasien, kemudian menginterpretasikannya bagi pasien untuk menghasilkan pemahaman diri untuk pemecahan masalahnya.
-Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian Physician Sigmund Freud and his followers, which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior. Psychoanalysis has three applications:
a. a method of investigation of the mind;
b. a systematized set of theories about human behaviour;
c. a method of treatment of psychological or emotional illness.
d.
51. Pengasas darwinisme
Darwinism is first proposed by Charles Robert Darwin, a British naturalist.
52. teori yg diunsurkan oleh Darwin
Darwinism- Darwinism is a theory of evolution. According to this theory, the strongest will survive in nature while the weak will be wiped out. This process is also called natural selection.
1. Persaingan untuk hidup
2. Variasi
3. Evolusi
4. Seleksi alam
53. teori moral teleologist
-Teleologi berasal dari perkataan Yunani, iaitu telos bererti akhir.
-Teleologi juga merupakan satu doktrin yang menjelaskan fenomena berasakan akibat yang dihasilkan.
-Teori Etika Teleologikal yang juga dikenali dengan ‘consequentialism’ adalah sejenis teori yang mendakwa bahawa semada sesuatu tindakan secara moral itu betul atau salah adalah bergantung sepenuhnya kepada akibat (consequences) atau hasil daripada sesuatu tindakan. Setiap tindakan yang mendatangkan kesan yang baik adalah tindakan beretika .
54. kesan moral teleologist
( cant found specific answer)
Reminder: read also komunism, Antroposentrisme, HUMANISME, Pengklonan,
Biocentrism (Greek: βίος, bio, "life"; and κέντρον, kentron, "center"), in a political and ecological sense, is an ethical point of view which extends inherent value to non-human species,[1] ecosystems, and processes in nature; it is opposed to anthropocentrism which centers on the value of humans.[2]
Paul Taylor, one of the major[5] early proponents of biocentrism, maintains that biocentrism is an "attitude of respect for nature", whereby one attempts to make an effort to live one's life in a way that respects the welfare and inherent worth of all living creatures.[1] Taylor states that:[5][6]
1. Humans are members of a community of life along with all other species, and on equal terms.
2. This community consists of a system of interdependence between all members, both physically, and in terms of relationships with other species
3. Every organism is a "teleological centre of life", that is, each organism has a purpose and a reason for being, which is inherently "good" or "valuable"
4. Humans are not inherently superior to other species
Perkataan moral berasal daripada perkataan Latin ‘moralitas’ yang membawa pengertian ajaran dan pegangan berkenaan dengan buruk baik.
2. Rujukan utama perbuatan moral
(amalan,nilai-nilai moral)
3. Etika
(satu disiplin yang menentukan perkara itu baik dan buruk)
4. Etika adalah cabang utama dari apa?
(Fedeologi,Falsafah)
Falsafah
5. Faktor pembentukan –faktor luaran
• Faktor Institusi Kekeluargaan
Keluarga merupakan antara pengaruh utama dalam kehidupan seseorang remaja.
• Faktor Rakan Sebaya
Rakan sebaya berumur lebih kurang sama dengan remaja tersebut. Rakan sebaya bagi remaja terdiri daripada rakan persekolahan, rakan yang tinggal di kawasan perumahan yang sama,rakan-rakan dalam aktiviti riadah dan sukan yang sama.
• Faktor Kurangnya Pendidikan
Sistem pendidikan harus berfungsi sebagai mekanisme yang menjalankan tugas sebagai agen tazkiyah (penyucian) jiwa bagi melahirkan warganegara yang berakhlak.
• Faktor Persekitaraan
Pertumbuhan dan perkembangam sosial remaja mestilah seiring dengan norma-norma masyarakat Malaysia.
• Faktor Media Massa
Media bukan sahaja merupakan cermin kepada masyarakat malahan ia juga merupakan alat perubahan kepada sesuatu masyarakat.
6. Perkataan akhlak berasal dr mana?
Arab
7. Perkataan akhlak dlm islam.
Akhlaq / Khuluk (different book different answer)
8. Asas etika islam
-Etika dari bahasa Yunani adalah “Ethos”.
9. Prinsip moral yg diinspirasikan melalui wahyu
10. P’bezaan atr moral akhlak & etika
• Etika berasal dari bahasa Yunani “ethos” yang bererti adat istiadat atau kebiasaan yang baik
• Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat mendefinasi “etika” sebagai:
o 1. ilmu berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip akhlak atau moral
o 2. prinsip moral (atau akhlak) atau nilai-nilai akhlak yang menjadi pegangan seseorang individu atau sesuatu kumpulan (persatuan, pekerjaan, dll).
• watak kesusilaan adat.
Akhlak - watak yang baik //perilaku, perangai atau tabiat
11. Etika t’bhgi kpd 2bhgn(aktif,pasif,tentative)
• Etika deskriptif
• Etika normatif
12. Apakah maksud utilitarisme
• Dasar etika untuk membaharui hukum Inggeris,khususnya undang-undang jenayah.
• Sesuatu perbuatan adalah baik jika membawa manfaat,tetapi manfaat tersebut harus dikongsi bersama seluruh masyarakat.
13. Siapakah 2 ahli falsafah yg b’kait rapat dgn teori utilitarisme
• David Hume
• Jeremy Bentham
• Utilitarianisme diperhalus dan diperkukuh lagi oleh falsafah Inggeris,John Stuart Mill(1806-1873)
14. Dasar teori etika utilitarisme
15. Dasar teori etika dentologi
-Deontologi berasal dari perkataan Yunani "deon" yang bermaksud "yang diharuskan atau diwajibkan".
-Deontologi Tindakan (Act) dan Deontologi Peraturan (Rule)
Teori Deontologi Tindakan (act deontology) menegaskan semua pertimbangan keputusan moral adalah bersifat spesifik dan menitikberatkan apa yang berlaku ataupun tindakan dalam situasi-situasi.
Teori Deontologi Tindakan termasuk:-
a) Intuisionisme (hati nurani menentukan kepiawaian betul atau salah)
b) Eksistensialisme (tiada yang betul atau salah sehingga seseorang memilih apa yang betul atau salah)
Teori Deontologi Peraturan (rule deontology) mengatakan kepiawaian berkenaan betul ataupun salah tindakan itu terdiri daripada satu ataupun lebih peraturan.
Teori Deontologi Peraturan termasuk:-
a) Imperatif Kategori / Etika Kant
b) Perintah Ilahi
c) Intuisionisme Peraturan
16. Prinsip dlm teori dentologi
• Prinsip kewajipan ( Immannuel Kant) –
sikap jujur, mengikut arahan, menepati janji
- Moral benar – perbuataan baik tanpa syarat
-prinsip tertinggi dari moral
17. Ciri-ciri utama moral terhadap alam sekitar
(common sense)
18. Mengapakah individu harus mengamalkan amalan moral.
(common sense)
19. Kepentingan moral dlm kehidupan
Moral adalah penting dalam kehidupan manusia kerana ia dapat membantu manusia untuk mengenali mana yang benar atau salah. Ianya berkaitan dengan kesedaran tentang kekuatan yang mantap. Kombinasi ini akan melahirkan corak pilihan yang baik atau buruk .
20. Apakah yg dimksudkan dgn moral sejagat
21. Pilih pernyataan yg tidak m’ggambrkan tentng agama hindu
22. Asas etika agama Buddha
Etika dalam agama Hindu bergantung kepada prinsip “Brahma” yang menjadi dasar kepada norma yang teratur dan bermatlamat.
Ia bermaksud keadilan, kebaikan, kesucian, benar, sederhana dan suci.
Brahma ini menjadi kod etika yang merangkumi semua aspek kehidupan manusia. Brahma merupakan salah satu matlamat hidup yang mesti diikuti berdasarkan kelas dan status seseorang.
23. Empat objektif mulia yang membentuk jati diri masyarakat india
Aram/dharma
Porul/artha
Inbam/kama
Vidu/maksha
Aram/dharma iaitu diperolehi melalui pendidikan yang bersifat kerohanian
yang mementingkan moral dan etika ianya merupakan objektif yang utama
dalam kehidupan ini.
Porul/artha iaitu kekayaan. Individu yang berkemahiran hendaklah bekerja
dan mencari dan mengumpul kekayaan melalui cara yang halal.
Inbam/kama iaitu orang yang mengumpulkan kekayaan secara halal
hendaklah menikmati kekayaan tersebut dan berlandaskan moral dan etika.
Tujuan mencari rezeki ialah untuk memberi makan dan pakai ahli keluarga.
Vidu/moksha iaitu pencapaian kebebasan kerohanian di mana golongan tua
yang menunggu saat kematian dapat mengatasi nafsu dan keinginan terutama
perkara-perkara duniawi. Mereka melakukan keIja amal disamping
menyebarkan ajaran -ajaran agama.
24. Karma dimaksudkan dlm agama Buddha
A. karma adalah hukum sebab dan akibat, apa yang kau tabur itu yang kau tuai, kalau anda melakukan kejahatan maka akan di balas dengan kejahatan dan begitu juga dengan sebaliknya,ada kasus dimana kejahatan atau kebaikan yang dia lakukan tidak di balas di kehidupan sekarang melainkan di kehidupan mendatang.
B. menurut KBBI :
karma bermaksud:
1 perbuatan manusia ketika hidup di dunia: hidup sbg umat Tuhan itu sekadar melakukan darma dan --;
2 hukum sebab-akibat: -- bukan hanya menguasai manusia, tetapi juga merupakan suatu hukum mutlak dl alam
25. nilai-nilai murni yang disarankan dalam agama hindu
Dharma, ahimsa, dhrithi, kamahaa, damo, stheyam, showcha, mindriya nigraham, dheer, vidyaa, maakkrodha, sathya.
26. pancasila agama hindu
Pancasila, Atthasila
Upasaka-upasika, adalah siswa yang dekat dengan guru dan menggunakan jubah putih. Mereka hidupnya melaksanakan lima aturan kemoralan (sila) dan dapat melatih delapan kemoralan (sila) karena dengan melatih lima kemoralan (sila) tersebut. Mereka yang melatih diri dan melengkapi hidupnya dengan aturan-aturan kemoralan, maka akan berakibat terlahir di alam bahagia (surga), bila melatih lima kemoralan (sila) dengan sungguh-sungguh akan berakibat memperoleh kebahagiaan, kemakmuran, kedamaian dan kesejahteraan, dalam kehidupan sekarang ini. Dan, bila melatih lima atau delapan kemoralan dengan sungguh-sungguh mempraktikannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan dengan sempurna, sempurna pula kebajikan (paramita) maka akan berakibat mencapai pembebasan dari derita (dukkha) dan dapat meraih kebahagiaan tertinggi Nibbanna. Nibbanaæ Paramaæ Sukhaæ; artinya, kebahagiaan yang tertinggi adalah kebahagiaan dimana mencapai kondisi batin yang telah merealisir Nibbanna.
Pancasila-Pancadhamma
Seorang upasika-upasika hendaknya melatih lima sila Pancasila-Budddhis dan sekaligus melaksanakan Dhamma dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Berikut ini, lima macam Dhamma yang bagus, yang merupakan bahan untuk mentaati pancasila buddhis, yaitu:
1. Mettā-Karunā: cinta-kasih dan belas kasihan. Dhamma pertama ini sama dengan sila pertama pancasila.
2. Sammā-Âjiva: Pencaharian benar, Dhamma kedua ini sama dengan sila kedua dari pancasila.
3. Kāmasaævara: penahanan diri terhadap nafsu inderia. Dhamma ketiga ini sama dengan sila ketiga pancasila.
4. Sacca: kebenaran, yaitu benar dalam perbuatan, ucapan dan pikiran. Dhamma keempat ini sama dengan sila keempat dari pancasila.
5. Sati-sampajañña: kesadaran benar. Dhamma kelima ini sama dengan sila kelima dari pancasila.
27. maksud etika dlm agama kristian
Ten commandment (not sure)wahahaha….
28. proses pengulangan kehidupan semula dalam agama hindu
-Terdapat dalam doktrin Karma.
-mokhsa (study about it)
29. maksud cinta taat(obedient love) dlm falsafah kristian
Ajaran asasnya ialah mencintai Tuhan dengan sepenuh hati dan mencintai jiran seperti mencintai diri sendiri. undang-undang yang berupa The Ten Commandments yang diperkenankan Tuhan melalui
para nabi bertujuan supaya manusia mengamalkan cara hidup yang baik, di antaranya jgn berzina, menghormati kedua ibubapa, jgn membunuh, mencuri, etc
Old Testament juga menekankan keadilan, kejujuran dan berbuat baik. Dalam New Testament prinsip etika turut ditekankan.
Tujuan hidup bukan hanya untuk mengumpul kebendaan, kedudukan dan pangkat kerana itu tidak kekal.
30. maksud yin yang dalam taoisme
“saling bertentangan”(hitam –putih, laki-perempuan, panas-sejuk)
31. kepercayaan taoisme (fengshui,p’ubtn tradisi cina)
Mentukan kesesuaian penempatan atau masa.
32. kepercayaa confusianisme
Ajaran terkandung dalam buku-buku yang dikenali Lima klasik dan Empat buku.
Lapan nilai murni: ren, xiao, chung, shu, zhi, yi, li, ming
33. etika dalam agama sikh
5k???
34. prinsip kewajipan moral dalam teori moral dentologi
Ciri-Ciri Teori Prinsip Kewajipan Teori ini juga dikenali dengan ungkapan teori deontologis iaitu golongan yang tidak percaya dengan akibat. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) menyatakan bahawa sikap jujur, mengikut arahan, menepati janji serta adil adalah tujuan utama dan bukannya akibat kerja berkenaan.
35. tokoh falsafah eksistensialisme
Eksistensialisme adalah aliran filsafat yg pahamnya berpusat pada manusia individu yang bertanggung jawab atas kemauannya yang bebas tanpa memikirkan secara mendalam mana yang benar dan mana yang tidak benar.
Soren Kierkegaard, martin Heidegger, karl jaspers, Gabriel marcel, Jean paul sartre
36. etika dlm peniagaan,kepentingan
• Etika perniagaan adalah prinsip-prinsip moral yang standard kelakuan perniagaan yang diterima oleh komuniti peniaga dan dunia perniagaan. Ia merupakan satu set nilai dan peraturan yang merangkumi peraturan yang baik atau buruk di dalam operasi perniagaan. Pada kebiasaannya pihak kerajaan, orang ramai, pesaing dan individu menentukan apa yang boleh diterima umum. Sebagai contoh, seorang usahawan yang beretika pada kebiasaannya adalah seorang yang jujur dan amanah.
• Etika perniagaan adalah penting kerana ia akan menyesuaikan perniagaan dengan nilai dan jangkaan masyarakat. Usahawan dan perniagaan dijangka mematuhi Akta dan Undang-undang tempatan. Selain daripada peraturan dan akta perniagaan, keputusan beretika dapat menguatkan perhubungan dan Kepercayaan dalam dunia perniagaan. Keputusan perniagaan yang tidak beretika bukan sahaja menghilangkan kepercayaan pelanggan tetapi juga melemahkan perniagaan di kemudian hari kelak.
37. maksud konflik moral
-KONFLIK MORAL Merupakan pertembungan di antara dua nilai yang bertentangan dalam satu keadaan.
-Konflik juga boleh berlaku antara dua pihak atau interpersonal konflik.
-Konflik ini berlaku apabila wujud konflik antara seorang dengan seseorang yang lain atau antara individu dengan kumpulan yang lebih dikenali sebagai konflik intrakumpulan yang disebabkan kerana ahli kumpulan yang bersaing lebih bersikap individualistik, tidak berkongsi matlamat yang sama serta kurang berkomunikasi..
38. strategic yg boleh dilakukan dgn konflik moral
Strategi Pembinaan Hirarki- Strategi Pembinaan Hirarki adalah strategi yang menyusun atur nilai-nilai bermula dengan yang paling penting hingga ke kurang penting dalam menyelesaikan sesuatu masalah. Daripada hirarki ini, sesuatu keputusan akan dibuat tentang apakah yang patut dilakukan.
Strategi Pencairan Masalah- Strategi pencairan masalah ialah mengambil alternatif lain, iaitu membawa maksud penghasilan satu alternatif atau lebih yang dapat menjauhkan atau menghindarkan kita daripada sesuatu masalah tersebut.
Strategi kompromi- bermaksud memperuntukkan sesuatu, tetapi bukan segala-galanya kepada setiap orang dengan mengadakan rundingan antara dua pihak ataupun lebih. Selain itu, Strategi kompromi juga bermaksud memperuntukkan sedikit daripada setiap nilai, bukan untuk mencapai satu nilai sahaja dengan mengetepikan nilai lain.
39. isu moral : punca-punca isu moral berlaku
( cant found specific answer)
40. jenis2x konflik moral
konflik moral intrapersonal
konflik moral interpersonal
Konflik Antara Kumpulan
41. cara mengatasi isu moral
( cant found specific answer)
42. teori egoism –teori(merujuk kpd)
-Teori Egoisme (Egoism) merujuk kepada sebarang perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang itu semata-mata untuk memanfaatkan diri sendiri.
-Teori Egoisme diasakan oleh Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900). Beliau ialah seorang ahli falsafah yang mengkritik utilititarianisme.
43. teori moral barat-teleologist (proceed to question 53)
44. prinsip etika sekularisme
-Sekularisme ialah ideologi bahawa urusan keduniaan seperti politik, pentadbiran dan undang-undang harus dipisahkan dari urusan keagamaan.
-Sekularisme juga boleh bermaksud fahaman yang menggalakkan idea atau nilai sekular dalam ruang awam atau peribadi.
- Mereka yang berpegang kepada fahaman ini adalah dipanggil golongan sekularis.
- Mengikut kamus Inggeris, sekular bermaksud:
1. Keduniaan
2. Tiada agama
3. Tidak zuhud
- Sekularisme adalah konsep bahawa kerajaan atau entiti lain harus wujud secara terasing dari agama dan/atau kepercayaan agama.
45. etika egoism universal
Universal ethical egoism is the theory that everyone ought always to serve his or her own self-interest. That is, everyone ought to do what will maximize one’s own expected utility or bring about one’s own happiness, even when it mean harming others. “Everyone should do what is in his own interests.”
46. apakah yg dimksudkan dgn egoism
-Teori eogisme atau egotisme diasaskan oleh Friedrich Wilhelm Nietche yang merupakan pengkritik kuat utilitarianisme dan juga kuat menentang teori Kemoralan Sosial.
-Teori egoisme berprinsip bahawa setiap orang mestilah bersifat keakuan, iaitu melakukan sesuatu yang bermatlamat memberikan faedah kepada diri sendiri.
-Selain itu, setiap perbuatan yang memberikan keuntungan merupakan perbuatan yang baik dan satu perbuatan yang buruk jika merugikan diri sendiri.
47. siapakah yg pertama m’ggnakan istilah sekularisme
-The term "secularism" was first used by the British writer George Holyoake in 1846.
48. faktor2x yg m’bawa kpd kemunculan kefahaman sekularisme
http://suhaimisautar.blogspot.com/2010/08/perkembangan-sekularisme-dan-kesannya.html
49. nilai2x positif pd masykt secular
Keunggulan Positif di belakang masyarakat sekular
1. Kehormatan mendalam untuk para individu dan kumpulan kecil yang mana mereka sebahagian dengan.
2. Kesamaan semua rakyat.
3. Setiap orang harus dibantu untuk menyedari kecermelangan khusus mereka.
4. Membahagikan batasan kelas dan kasta.[21]
50. psiko analisis –siapakah yg m’perkenalkan
-Psikoanalisis adalah cabang ilmu yang dikembangkan oleh Sigmund Freud dan para pengikutnya, sebagai studi fungsi dan perilaku psikologis manusia.
- Psikoanalisis bolehlah diiktirafkan sebagai satu
kaedah bagi merawati seorang individu yang meminta
bantuan berkaitan dengan masalah emosinya.
-Menurut freud, kehidupan jiwa memiliki tiga tingkatan kesadaran, yakni sadar (en:conscious), prasadar (en:preconscious), dan tak-sadar (unconscious).[5]
-Aliran psikoanalisis Freud merujuk pada suatu jenis perlakuan dimana orang yang dianalisis mengungkapkan pemikiran secara verbal, termasuk asosiasi bebas, khayalan, dan mimpi, yang menjadi sumber bagi seorang penganalisis merumuskan konflik tidak sadar yang menyebabkan gejala yang dirasakan dan permasalahan karakter pada pasien, kemudian menginterpretasikannya bagi pasien untuk menghasilkan pemahaman diri untuk pemecahan masalahnya.
-Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian Physician Sigmund Freud and his followers, which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior. Psychoanalysis has three applications:
a. a method of investigation of the mind;
b. a systematized set of theories about human behaviour;
c. a method of treatment of psychological or emotional illness.
d.
51. Pengasas darwinisme
Darwinism is first proposed by Charles Robert Darwin, a British naturalist.
52. teori yg diunsurkan oleh Darwin
Darwinism- Darwinism is a theory of evolution. According to this theory, the strongest will survive in nature while the weak will be wiped out. This process is also called natural selection.
1. Persaingan untuk hidup
2. Variasi
3. Evolusi
4. Seleksi alam
53. teori moral teleologist
-Teleologi berasal dari perkataan Yunani, iaitu telos bererti akhir.
-Teleologi juga merupakan satu doktrin yang menjelaskan fenomena berasakan akibat yang dihasilkan.
-Teori Etika Teleologikal yang juga dikenali dengan ‘consequentialism’ adalah sejenis teori yang mendakwa bahawa semada sesuatu tindakan secara moral itu betul atau salah adalah bergantung sepenuhnya kepada akibat (consequences) atau hasil daripada sesuatu tindakan. Setiap tindakan yang mendatangkan kesan yang baik adalah tindakan beretika .
54. kesan moral teleologist
( cant found specific answer)
Reminder: read also komunism, Antroposentrisme, HUMANISME, Pengklonan,
Biocentrism (Greek: βίος, bio, "life"; and κέντρον, kentron, "center"), in a political and ecological sense, is an ethical point of view which extends inherent value to non-human species,[1] ecosystems, and processes in nature; it is opposed to anthropocentrism which centers on the value of humans.[2]
Paul Taylor, one of the major[5] early proponents of biocentrism, maintains that biocentrism is an "attitude of respect for nature", whereby one attempts to make an effort to live one's life in a way that respects the welfare and inherent worth of all living creatures.[1] Taylor states that:[5][6]
1. Humans are members of a community of life along with all other species, and on equal terms.
2. This community consists of a system of interdependence between all members, both physically, and in terms of relationships with other species
3. Every organism is a "teleological centre of life", that is, each organism has a purpose and a reason for being, which is inherently "good" or "valuable"
4. Humans are not inherently superior to other species
Monday, September 13, 2010
Melaka之旅 06/09/2010
This is 1st time i went to Melaka..beautiful building, comfort environment, nice food....but, why mostly of the roads in the town is only one way..？？？？100%-10%=90%.
hahaha...90%..stil got high mark la~~~ this also is my accompany with those BM life group bros and sists go out for a whole day...^^know each other more better.
Christ Church...finally i saw it by my own eye...wakakaka^^
This is st paul church..the oldest church in Malaysia. Place on the top of mountain which just behind of the A famosa..
This is A famosa..my dream come true...^^finally i touched A famosa by my own hand...
But, the important is...our relationship become more close...together grow in the name of jesus...by fulfilling the great commission!!
thank you bros and sists for ur lives...^^
hahaha...90%..stil got high mark la~~~ this also is my accompany with those BM life group bros and sists go out for a whole day...^^know each other more better.
Christ Church...finally i saw it by my own eye...wakakaka^^
This is st paul church..the oldest church in Malaysia. Place on the top of mountain which just behind of the A famosa..
This is A famosa..my dream come true...^^finally i touched A famosa by my own hand...
But, the important is...our relationship become more close...together grow in the name of jesus...by fulfilling the great commission!!
thank you bros and sists for ur lives...^^
Wednesday, May 26, 2010
《大佬与我》
对于很多世上的人的想法，列如：我最爱的家人，朋友和同学们。或许会觉得我在这世上简直是在让费生命，浪费时间。甚至有些朋友还觉得我不会享受生命。严重的是说我没活出人生的目的。哈哈。上帝啊，谢谢你！我爱你！有时我在想，“我很珍惜我所拥有的生命啊。我爱我的生命。为什么…他们会说我在浪费生命呢？？”。我也很爱我身旁的每一个人^^，因为每个人的存在晓薇都会带给我一点的影响。有时我甚至很恨恶人类，因为人们试着为了个人利益而导致一些不必要的生命牺牲和极大的破坏环境。我享受地球，也很满意住在这星球上。哇，你看地球是多么的美啊~~~哈哈！
认识耶酥是我人生最大最大的“收入”….无价之宝！！！哈哈。那无条件的爱，无条件的接纳你和我。没有一个人像他了。再加上圣经里的“养分”，供应我的一身所需。或许你不明白啦~ 我就是觉得，有了我所相信的耶酥，我活得很精彩很有目标。那我问你ho，你为什么活在世上啊？等死？？？太直接了？？哈哈！！还是生养种多啊？我当然想生养种多啊！哈哈！赚多多的$$$$？哇，我也很想哦~~我想买大房子，开跑车，娶美丽的老婆（最好是不会老的>.
圣经！！！！故事？？历史？？对！但是~~~不只这些啦。。hehehe…^^告诉你，圣经告诉我，“老大（酥哥）爱我”。喂！喂！喂！你的大老有跟你讲这个吗？？！我大哥还为我死叻。你看看那些江湖老大有没有为他们弟子死。哈哈。。我记得我看过的黑社会的电影，他的弟子在打架，大老尽然自己逃命。最后弟子都丧身了。可悲。。更可悲的是，当老大被人砍时，竟然还把身边的弟子拉来当挡箭牌。最后，弟子被捅死了~~ 我老大厉害的是，他被人钉死。是他自愿的，为了保护我，为我付上代价！但是他死后复活BO!! 这就是值得我相信的老大！！关荣！！哈哈！别急，还有~~我的老大还会医病赶鬼叻~~哈哈。不止这些，你跟了就懂了。
这间大学（UTHM）是他叫我来念的。厉害叻！！我来后才发现他这里的弟子那么powerful和那么faithful。而且老大叫我来这里，他说他对我有个计划！他还让我懂异象和使命！这是我们的目标和活着的目的了。呵呵呵！或许别的黑帮派的目的是扩大实力范围和权利，我的老大他也在扩大实力范围。但是他不用武力和暴力，反而用爱和劝勉。从不教我打架，他教我爱人如己。除此之外，当别人打我一边脸，他教我不还手，放而教我把另一边脸也给他打。话说回来，最重要的事，他栽培我为要是建立刚强的教会和栽培更多弟子跟随他。条件是….符合圣经！有些大佬知道弟子打抢，好说“抢多点，那么少”！！严重的是…..“只要你看他不顺眼，拿刀砍他”！！！告诉你啊，如果我打抢啊，我大佬会劝我，过后还会加上bonus叻！他会说，“这是不对的，你要回改，我的恩典够你用。我爱你”。Bonus就是“我爱你”。如果我看一个人不顺眼，他没叫我拿刀砍那个人。他反而叫我跟爱他。Walao~~~哈哈。没有看过这样的大佬吧？哈哈哈！
我找我老大时不须用miss call, sms, facebook或msn。他一定ON CALL的！他每天跟我一起，睡觉也一起，吃饭也一起，做功课也一起，冲凉也一起…OPSSSS….hehehe~~~~ 省了好多的credit。Haha….. 还有一个可能你不懂的。他不读大学，没有文凭，没有学历…但是，他干事一路systemmatic。超Geng!! 有时我生病不同花钱看医生的，就是我老大医我咯。有一次我学programming,完蛋！不会作！bo idea！告诉你！他会叻！比我lecturer还厉害叻！他教我，过后成绩西北 漂亮~~！！
喂喂喂~我跟他还有warranty的。不像电脑，最多可以到5年。他给我终身warranty叻。几划算！电脑加warranty还要多还钱。我的是free的！！考虑下啦，如果打算加入我这派可以找我或我的兄弟的。过后你就可以经历我所经历的的一切了，甚至更多。到时，你也可以了解我的生活是多么的有意义又精彩。告诉你，不许空的！
Saturday, May 15, 2010
吉隆坡之旅（11-12May 2010)
View from sky bridge KLCC^^~~
Finally, i got the free ticket for visited the sky bridge after Q for 1 hour plus..Yeah!!
KL tower, we walk from Dang Wangi about 20 minute.
We take photo together in the sky bridge KLCC~~
Take photo by put the Handphone on the floor, easy rite??hahaha..
第一次经历以背包族的身份去旅行。只有我们四个,Ah Fun(KK),Yew hock(Sibu),Jia Liang(JB) and me Joshua(Limbang)...带着一个小小的背包游了半个吉隆坡。The places that we visited such as KLCC,
KL tower,Mid valley, Bukit Jalir,Bukit Bintang,Time square and Petaling Street.Really nice eventhough just only two day one night.We stay at hotel which located infront of Time Square. Just only RM45 per night.Really very cheap right!!The main purpose we go to KL is to visit the sky bridge and KL tower. I Q for one hour plus to get the free ticket for visit the sky bridge.Huu~~~ There are some pictures that i can share with u...^^Hope u can enjoy it...nice day~~
Finally, i got the free ticket for visited the sky bridge after Q for 1 hour plus..Yeah!!
KL tower, we walk from Dang Wangi about 20 minute.
We take photo together in the sky bridge KLCC~~
Take photo by put the Handphone on the floor, easy rite??hahaha..
第一次经历以背包族的身份去旅行。只有我们四个,Ah Fun(KK),Yew hock(Sibu),Jia Liang(JB) and me Joshua(Limbang)...带着一个小小的背包游了半个吉隆坡。The places that we visited such as KLCC,
KL tower,Mid valley, Bukit Jalir,Bukit Bintang,Time square and Petaling Street.Really nice eventhough just only two day one night.We stay at hotel which located infront of Time Square. Just only RM45 per night.Really very cheap right!!The main purpose we go to KL is to visit the sky bridge and KL tower. I Q for one hour plus to get the free ticket for visit the sky bridge.Huu~~~ There are some pictures that i can share with u...^^Hope u can enjoy it...nice day~~
Tuesday, April 13, 2010
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